Perspectives on adult and worker’s education

The ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. Authors appear in agreement that workers and adult education must be embedded in society’s institutional frameworks that reduce their dependence but leverages economic development. It is the view of this paper that social democracy perspective is a better model because it strongly relies on institutionalization of workers adult education; a factor that largely provides them with a raised ground for competing with others. A strong evaluation of social democracy and neo-liberalism perspectives as well as how the two have shaped adult and workers education is further provided. Finally, a personal preference on the perspectives is outlined. Social democracy perspective According to Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007), social democracy is an evolutionary perspective that has taken long to define and re-fit in different contexts. From a classic political spectrum, it can be considered a centre-left concept assuming a reformist socialism model. Consequently, it takes a gradual outlook in establishing a socialist mode of economy. At this point, social democracy should be seen to consist of two main building factors; democracy and socialism. First, it entails embracing values in the society, upholding freedom, and most importantly equity. People are directly involved in making decisions either directly or indirectly through their elected leaders. Unlike in neo-liberalism, Sullivan (2003) argues that democracy is a strong down-top management in a broad pyramidal model with no discrimination at any level. Socialism, on the other hand involves common ownership and planning based on institutions. Therefore, work by the people and society as a whole is considered central towards advancing independence and economic development. Social democracy in adult and workers’ education as Sullivan (2003) outlines reflect values that seek to create a highly enlightened community as a whole. Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007) explain that social democracy reference to institutions greatly centralizes and harmonizes control and accessibility of services to the community. In New Zealand, the government took a bold shift from the competitive model in adult education to a social democratic one which created faster and better access especially to the working community (McLaughlin, 2003). One cannot fail to mention the essential role that social democracy has brought in essential services such as health and development in different regions. United States highly ranked democratic ideals and access to services by all is linked to effective representation and prioritization brought about by social democracy. Neo-liberalism perspective Neo-liberalism is an ideology with a wide and a highly changing orientation in different levels. Green (2003) argues that this ideology is a construct from classical economic theories which seek to empower private and individuals in leveraging economic development. Proponents of this view believe that through privatization the society is able to invoke higher levels and quality of services delivery to the society through market competition. Unlike it is currently known that key services such as education and healthcare are a prerogative of central government, neo-liberalism shifts their constitution and provision to private ownership. Moss (2008) notes in his publication that neo-liberalism is strongly entrenched on consideration of demand and supply of various services being provided. Though it was held as a strong factor within which both individual people and private entities would gather efforts to build competitive advantages in bid to win the market, Green (2003) argues that essential services with low demand may acutely lack in the community. Upon this realization, Moss (2008) adds that governments have evaded operating on a pure neo-liberal point of view to a mixed model which seeks to emphasize on individual competiveness and institutional progress. A Marxist operation is further employed to optimize outputs on effectual demand. This perspective further calls for optimization of technology and incentives as essential optimization forces. How these ideological perspectives have shaped adult and workers’ education and training Over the years, adult and worker’s education in different nations have taken varied perspectives with differing success rates. However, though selection of these perspectives and application in other areas such as industrial production appear easy, scholars remain highly divided over which one is better in adult and workers’ education. From a social democracy point of view, Sutch (1966) notes that adult and workers education is run non-competitively. Sutch (1966) further points out that a competitive model is highly restrictive and operates in a colonial model. Consequently, only a few people who have the resources would be able to access education in a competitive consideration. New Zealand strongly shifted to social democracy which gave the government full control of adult and workers education that strongly promoted access and encouraged more elderly people to further education. Williams (1980) strongly argued that adult and workers’ population constituted an important number in England which could be used to leverage development in the country at the height of the Cold War. Notably, with many people limited by resources availability as they worked in the low paying changing industries, advancing the dream of uniting Europe was at stake. In this case, the government introduced short two year courses that could allow adults and workers access to university degrees. Besides, open learning and recreational courses facilitated by the government made it possible to learn even after work and at night with or without qualifications (Alcock, Erskine and May, 2003). However, it is critical that social democracy is indirectly linked and partially shaped by the market forces to invoke the sense of high quality. In his publication, Green (2003) cites Neo-liberalism, as the main concept with ability to invoke high creativity and innovations in the 21st century. Upton (1986) further suggests that any education model that lacks direct market touch as a roadmap to failure. Neo-liberalism therefore creates a direct link between the market requirements and what the education offers. It is from this perspective’s application that Canaan and Shumar (2008) reports of the ability to tap young minds and entrenching them in the economic development demand that saw Japan strongly develop its industrial capacity. However, the workers and adults were greatly disadvantaged taking into consideration that they formed a significant proportion of the population. It is from this realization that largely saw New Zealand shift from a Neo-Liberalism approach to a social democratic orientation outlook (Holford, Jarvis and Griffin, 1998). As indicated earlier, many states are currently undergoing key restructuring as they seek to assume either a neo-liberal or social democratic perspective. However, as New Zealand experienced between 1980 and 1990 when it was shifting from a neo-liberal orientation to a social democratic perspective, McLaughlin (2003) emphasizes on the need for intrinsic understanding of either perspective for smooth running transition. Personal preferences on how adult and workers’ education should be shaped Adult population in the society must be seen as a viable force with great potential to leverage economic development in a country or economic region. As a result, any perspective driving their education system must be value driven with focus on empowerment. In her view, McLaughlin (2003) explains that though it is true that adult education lack long term advantages compared to the younger developing population, it remains a very critical factor in economic progression; reducing dependence and supporting higher quality development. It is from this consideration that social democracy in this paper is viewed to be superior in seeking to empower more workers and adult population in the community. It came out from the discussion placing workers and adults on the same learning platform with younger population set then at a losing end as they lack the ability to effectively compete. A social democracy perspective therefore gives them an important and elevated ground to sharpen their skills and leverage production in their areas of work. As McLaughlin (2003) conclusion and Alcock (003) argument indicate the Marxist perspective of neo-liberalism is indeed a scaring factor to the older generation. However, social democracy is both a strengthening factor and encouragement to the workers both socially and in their areas of work. By creating a platform for improvement leveraged by the government, the quality of work from them is anchored while the economy is expanded. Conclusion It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘the ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. ’ The difference of the two perspectives came out to be strongly rooted in their mode of application. While social democracy is strongly people driven through democratic representation in institutional frameworks, neo-liberalism was found to be highly capitalistic. Social democracy was further found to have a broader capacity to support adult and workers education because they are encouraged and supported to support their immediate experiences. However, neo-liberalism perspective’s strong market orientation was found to not only scare adults and workers in pursuing education, but failed to invoke the needed incentives. It is therefore imperative that states and governments assume a social democracy orientation in leveraging their adult and worker’s education.

Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in response to â€Å"A Call for Unity†, written by eight white clergymen from Birmingham. King's â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a true call for unity, as he clearly states and points out facts that the clergymen have omitted from their letter. King is clearly not looking to stoke the fire of segregation; he was merely looking to solve the situation at hand and trying to peacefully end racial segregation in the United States. A Call for Unity†, written in early April 1963 (Jonathan, 12-18). Discussion After years of segregation and inequality, one man stood up and fought for what was right. This man spoke of dreams and for what he felt as morally right, ethically right, lawfully right and emotionally right. This man spoke of freedom, brotherhood and equality among all people, no matter what race they were. He brought forth facts and emotions to America that was being felt by the black community, which was being treated so badly. This man was Martin Luther King Jr. a clergyman and civil rights leader, who later was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work. King opened the eyes of America to a broader sense of understanding, to a wider view of the inequality and hate that almost every black person had to live through at that time. After several peaceful protests King was arrested for demonstrating in defiance of a court order, by participating in a parade, he was then taken to Birmingham jail (Leff & Utley, 8-9). There in the jail, King wrote a letter to 8 fellow clergymen in response to a letter they published in a newspaper. King explained in the letter why he did the things he did, and why that had to be done the way that they were. King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham City Jail† was written on April 16, 1963. Eight Alabama clergyman wrote an open letter that questioned King’s methods and suggested that he use the court system as a means for change. King’s letter was a reply that was meant to respond to the clergymen and spread his beliefs (KaaVonia, 10-15). In his letter, he responds to some of his criticisms, such as his demonstrations, direct action, and his timing. He, then, explains his motives for acting, and why they were justified. Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† His attitude in the letter changes, at the beginning he is submissive to the clergy’s criticism; at the end he begins to criticize the clergy. This letter was symbolic of a movement, and all the injustices it faced. King uses rhetoric by manipulating language and appealing to the emotions of the reader. In Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† addresses eight white clergymen from Birmingham, Alabama, clearly states eight arguments. King uses epigrams as a device to make sure the reader still comprehends his message. In the beginning paragraphs, King states what brought him to Birmingham and why he is justified in being there. In his argument he alludes to Apostle Paul, and provides dull factual operational information about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Even if the reader does not know who Paul is or care about the SCLC, he can still understand King’s message because of the epigrams he uses (Baldwin & Burrow, 111-118). In summing up what brought him here King says, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†. In answering why he is justified in being in Birmingham, King says, â€Å"Anyone who lives in the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in the country† (King, 122-128). Now the reader knows through the use of epigrams that King was brought there because there is injustice in Birmingham and that he has a right to be in Birmingham because he is an American and Birmingham is an American City. Blacks are going through a really tough time during this Negro revolution in 1963 and Dr. King accentuates the point by the use of strong diction, which set the tone of the letter. For example, Dr. King elucidates the reason his people can't wait for their rights and that's because â€Å"hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill† his â€Å"black brothers and sisters† and that basically most white people torment them any chance they get. In the letter written by the clergyman they say (like it was something new), that they were now facing demonstrations led by outsiders (King). Religious appeals in King’s latter King wants them to know that he is not really an outsider but the president of The Southern Christian Leadership Conference with an affiliation in Birmingham. He wants to point out that he not only has organizational ties but also was invited to participate in the direct action program in Birmingham in support of desegregation. In the course of the letter, King uses philosophical, religious and historical examples to get his points across. In order to gain control of the reader Martin Luther King Jr. includes vivid images of cruel acts that African Americans in Birmingham endured. Concerning this unsettling time in society King could have described many of the immoral and unjust acts that he encountered on a daily basis. Instead he portrayed these situations by asking rhetorical questions about women, children and loved ones bringing the hardships Negroes faced into the lives of men of all cultures. It does not matter if you are black, if you are white, if you are Asian, if you are Hispanic, or if you are a mixture of any race, through King's words you could imagine yourself in any of the situations he describes. With the ability to touch the reader on not only a personal level, but also an intimate one Martin Luther King Jr. began to bridge the gap between the races (Jessica, 222-225). King consistently brought up the point of morality. Pointing out that certain things are moral and other things aren't. For example King talked about having two different drinking fountains or having blacks sit at the back of the bus, saying that it just wasn't morally right. And that morally right would be to have unity and brotherhood among all people. King tries to show the difference between just and unjust laws, it is because of these two terms that we can â€Å"advocate breaking some laws, and obeying others† (King, 122-128). Segregation in his eyes is and unjust law because it â€Å"disturbs the soul and damages the personality† (King, 122-128). These are both qualifications of an unjust law. Society today is filled with unjust laws. In many schools females are still prohibited from joining a football team, because the school believes they do not have what it takes. By not allowing this person to join the team they are taking away a part of her personality, a piece of who she is and denying her to express it. King also discusses another perspective of just and unjust laws. He explains that an unjust law is made up by a majority of people whom force a minority to follow this law; however the law is not â€Å"binding† on themselves. A just law is one that a majority makes and is also willing to follow themselves. Thus showing that is the only fair law is one that affects all citizens in an equally just way. King states how the Apostle Paul carried the gospel of Jesus Christ over the land, and thus compares himself to him. One way King addresses the eight clergymen and justifies his presence in Birmingham is by comparing himself to the Apostle Paul. He is trying to take the gospel of freedom over the land of America. This idea relates to peoples emotion because most people are religious and believe in God and Jesus Christ. By Comparing himself to the Apostle Paul strikes deep emotion in most people, and almost saying that he is trying to do the work of God by trying to achieve true freedom, this analogy is a great example of pathos and King's use of these appeals to the emotion through examples and figurative language (Carson, Holloran, Luker, Russell & King, 10-15). King uses pathos not just from the Bible but also by evolving ideas from World War II: â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was â€Å"legal† and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was â€Å"illegal†. It was â€Å"illegal† to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country's antireligious laws† (King, 122-128). Here King refers to all the horrible laws that Hitler created in Germany before World War II. He cites how, â€Å"It was illegal† to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. He is using this example to compare Germany's laws against Jews to â€Å"separate but equal† law of the time against black people (Jessica, 222-225). Creating ethos is a way for a writer to gain the trust of the reader. It can be used to show the effectiveness of one's writing the writer's credibility. King illustrates this quality of ethos when he explains his professional titles: â€Å"I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational, and financial resources with our affiliates† (King, 122-128). Here King shows his credibility by citing what his organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which is in every southern state, does (Baldwin & Burrow, 111-118). Furthermore, Martin Luther King explains to the clergymen in the letter that they have been misinformed on the situation and that not all is alright. King quotes the clergymen’s original letter which commended the Birmingham police for their great efforts in keeping order and preventing violence, King is quick to correct them that they would have not commended the police force if they viewed the gruesome violence which occurred that day firsthand. King concludes the paragraph with. â€Å"I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham police department† (King, 122-128). This statement comes off as a very bold statement to the clergymen after reading the details of the violence previously. Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter In paragraph fourteen he uses emotional reference when he says â€Å"when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim† (King, 122-128), he doesn't call them Negro, so that the audience could relate to them. He wants them to know how a black man feels always feeling like nobody and being afraid. In the next nine paragraphs he describes in detail the difference between a just law and an unjust law. This time he uses religious leaders such as St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Martin Buber and Paul Tillich as examples to get his idea across. He says that â€Å"a just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God† (King, 122-128). In paragraph 23, he begins to criticize the white moderates â€Å"People who say they agree with segregation but do not want the Negro people to demonstrate because they don t want their lives disrupted† (King, 122-128). King says that these people are worst than the Ku Klux Klan and other people of ill will, because of their shallow understanding (King & King, 45-48). Lastly, King provides a very good insight for the uninformed in his letter from jail. King states that he wished that the clergymen had actually realized who the real heroes were that day. King had received a letter from a white man from Texas saying that he will reach his equal rights eventually but that maybe he is in too much of a religious hurry. King states that time are not the cure to all maladies, and that his people must use their time more effectively than the people of ill will. King seems to have a perfect response to all arguments thrown at him, but none appear to be flawed of course. There was no other way for the black community to get their point across because they were not being listened. There is no point in this letter where King incites violence, if anything he completely against it and will stop at nothing to ensure that there is no more violence (Leff & Utley, 8-9). Letter from Birmingham Jail† is one of the most touching pieces of writing. All of Kings Arguments are effective, particularly in paragraph fourteen. This letter at times can be hard to read because King gives real life examples of what it is actually like to be black and living in the 60s south. This letter sparks a realization, which people have never recognized before reading this, this latter showing the terrible and disgraceful treatment of the black community. Conclusion â€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† was an opportunity for Martin Luther King Jr. o express to the public his views and the views of other African Americans throughout the South. The effects of King's experiences depicted by his use of language resulted in radical changes for African Americans throughout the nation. It was a bigger victory to sway the Alabama clergymen than to change the mind of a stubborn group of white males, because it proved that the typical southern white male is equal in every way shape and form to that of an African American. Martin Luther King Jr. Once said, â€Å"I have a dream† and dream he did.

Particularities of Starting a Small Business Assignment

Particularities of Starting a Small Business - Assignment Example In addition, business financial statements are existent to assist the owners of businesses and decision makers and are the leading business planning function (Drucker 83). For a business to grow, the business financial statements should establish the finest forms of costs, benefits of every form of finance, available finance, the responsibility of financial markets in providing finance, and the risk connected to finance. These financial statements are employed to give insight into a business’ debts and asset at a given time. Apart from that, the information on the shareholder’s equity in the business is also incorporated. A balance sheet also indicates the abilities and strengths of a business. Moreover, the balance sheet evaluates the decrease or increase in the business value from time to time. The balance sheet appraises the asset and liability composition, the value of retained earnings, and the relative equity financing and proportion of debt (Drucker 84). Income statement provides information that concerns the business income earned in a given time. In addition, income statements illustrate the expenses of the business in acquiring the shareholder earnings and income per share. More often than not, income statements give a record of incomes after a year (Drucker 86). Every expense in the income statement should be equal to the business and its functions. Cash flow statements grant an evaluation of money movement in and out of business. Cash flow statements are essential in deciding whether or not a business has the adequate finance to handle expenses, acquire assets, and pay bills (Drucker 87). The cash flow statements entail information from financial activities, operating and investing. Various entrepreneurs find fault in building forecast with the perception that it takes too much time; time that could be used for business transactions instead of planning.  

Women swimming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women swimming - Essay Example Several sport centres are coming up these days to help people introduce sports in their daily routine. The purpose of these centres is to expose and orient people to different kinds of sports and activities. One such sport community was visited by me. This is called Muslim Welfare House. The Muslim Welfare  House (MWH) is a community and sports centre in North London. It was founded in 1970 and is a registered charity since 1975. It was originally established to assist Muslim students coming to UK get education. However, over the years, the focus of the charity changed and the multi-purpose building began to serve a dual purpose of a mosque as well as a community centre. The centre provides all sorts of social, cultural, learning activities for more than 15 nationalities, ranging from Algerians and Somalis, to Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. The organization is managed by an Executive Director along with six full time and three part time staff members. A good number of volunteers also participate actively. The programmes and activities in the centre involve high quality, affordable sports and leisure activities for all members of the local community from the ages of 5-90 years and above. The sports include Karate, Football, Table tennis. The centre also has a gym for fitness. The current study was undertaken to study a specific sport in the centre and to assess the operation of the sport centre. The study further looked into various programmes and activities run by the centre. Prior to data collection, first step was familiarization with the centre by making a visit to the centre. Observation technique and interview method was used. This was further facilitated by discussions with the staff in the centre. A checklist for the observation was prepared to be used as a reference to observe the various activities in the centre. Observation of all the

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Current Event Paper - Assignment Example Rousek, 2014, reported high Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) in Czech Republic and Hungary. The PMI is the broad indicator of manufacturing sector health, adding up new orders, inventory sizes, recruitment levels, and supplier deliveries. A PMI reading of figures above 50 is an indicator of expansion in manufacturing. A figure below 50, on contrary, indicates contraction in manufacturing level. Agata, HSBC economist noted in the article that a marginal increase in PMI occurred between the months of September and July, a faint positive sign. He added on that new export orders declined only moderately. Poland recorded a PMI of 49.5, and a figure noted to be slightly below average and standard mark. An increase in manufacturing activities in Czech Republic and Hungary as reported by Rousek, 2014, prompts companies to expand their inventory management. Inventory management entails coordination and supervision of adequate goods to suit current production level in the company. In the article, Rousek, 2014, addresses PMI increase in production in Czech Republic and Hungary. PMI is an indicator of inventory sizes. An increase in inventory sizes among manufacturing companies is a critical indicator of the necessity to enhance efficiency in companies’ inventory departments. Rousek, L. (October 1, 2014). Factory Output Varies in Central Europe with Czech, Hungary Going Strong, Poland Stalling. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 21, 2014 from,

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Unisys Credit Problems - Essay Example ch Unisys has invested will contribute to a greater loss if the company were to use them to remain liquid and be able to fund its operations with the ultimate consequence being a rights issue to finance the deficit. This situation has forced the company to rethink its position on the revolving credit facility which it operates with various funding institutions to the tune of $275 million. The idea is not to renew it and avoid the escalating interests due to such. This presents the company with the challenge of how it will be able to finance its operations and come out of the financial crisis. The management theory available for use by the firm is that what has to be done for the business to remain a float must be done. The company’s management will therefore review the available options and make crucial decisions on which ones are relevant so as to implement the most effective ones. The alternatives available at the disposal of Unisys are numerous but not with serious economic consequences. It seemingly must repay the debt of $300 million by the time of expiry of the revolving credit facility. Unisys can seek funding through issuing additional shares in the market (Malz, 2011). This might not be popular with investors since the market is already volatile and most people, especially companies in the debt market such as Bloomberg realize that Unisys has the most expensive borrowing costs compared to other IT companies such as Affiliated Computer and IBM. The other possibility for Unisys is to cut down on employment expenses by laying-off employees so as to reduce operating expenses (Harvard business review on crisis management, 2000). This will only aggravate the problem as most firms would be interested to know what the situation is like to warrant such a decision. It might also result into low productivity due to reduced manpower. The uncertainty that will be accompanied by such a move would cause distrust amongst many clients, possible clients and financers

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Changing Values in the New Economy - Essay Example Thus globalization of business and the revolution in information technology are the cornerstones of the new economy that has come into existence. The changing circumstances and thought processes in the business environment under the New Economy are undermining the old order and are forcing business to restructure. The emergence of the new economy has also brought changes in the outlook of the investors in that the there has been an increased expectation of return on the capital invested. Investors in the new economy prefer to work on a faster payback of their investments as against their counterparts in the old economy who were satisfied with a nominal and consistent return on their investments and safety of the investments as the deciding factor for any investment decisions. With this background this report analyses the radical changes brought about by the new economy in the outlook of the investors including the institutional investors. Stephen B. Shepard (1997) states that the New Economy has emerged because of the interaction of two broad trends namely the globalization of business and the revolution in information technology. In the New Economy "capitalism is spreading around the world--if not full-blown capitalism, at least the introduction of market forces, freer trade, and widespread deregulation." It boosts productivity, reduces cost, cuts inventories and facilitates electronic commerce. The digital technology is creating new companies and new industries before our eyes. Paper on New Economy from PPI (2000) defines the new economy as knowledge and idea based economy where the key to higher standards of living and job creation is the extent to which innovative ideas and technologies are embedded in services, products and manufacturing processes. The new economy is one where risk, uncertainty and constant changes are the rule rather than the exception. In the new economy there is a transformation process constantly going on which replaces the hierarchical organizations by network learning organizations. It may be interesting to note that almost eleven new companies are created every week in Silicon Valley and one of them went public every five days when the new economic development process started. The new economy has also seen a widespread change in the methods of conclusion of trade transactions, changes in the purchasing methods of consumers and novel methods of meeting the customer needs by innovative approaches in delivering the products ordered over the internet. E Commerce took its root and developed over a short period in the new economy, although initial hiccups were present. The classic example in this type of business is the success of Amazon.com. Thus new business activities using the new technology, media, telecommunication facilities, e commerce and Web portals became inseparable parts of the new economy. 3.0 Outcome of the New Economy: The new economy with the advent of globalization and the rapid development of information technology has resulted in an all round development of various economic sectors. These developments attributable to the modern digital technologies had been a reason for excitement and elation at the end of the last decade. The reported developments were mainly concerned with: the emergence of a knowledge based sector whose huge market and broader

ATP biochemistry in the CNS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ATP biochemistry in the CNS - Essay Example It can be said to be a high energy molecule which is responsible for the storage of the energy required to carry out daily activities. Hence all the physiological mechanism in our body acquire energy for operation directly from Adenosine triphosphate. Cells maintain a supply of Adenosine phosphate through the oxidisation of food, as this releases energy. A remarkable ability of Adenosine triphosphate is that it may be involved in many reactions simultaneously, extracting and releasing energy at the same time. Adenosine Tri Phosphate in order to send messages and control chemical reaction is used as an on-off switch (Guyton& Hall 2000).  . Adenosine Tri phosphate induces the purinergic receptors in the brain (Matsuoka & Ohkubo, 2004). It may stimulate them directly or as a co-transmitter. This action is carried about via the P2 purinergic receptors. Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of an adenosine molecule attached to 3 phosphate groups. Adenosine itself is a purine nucleoside and has a role in not only various biochemical processes in the body but also serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (Fredholm, Chen, Masino & Vaugeois, 2005). The formation of Adenosine triphosphate requires the addition of 3 phosphate groups to the Adenosine backbone. Adenosine is first converted into Adenosine monophosphate, then to Adenosine di phosphate and finally to Adenosine Triphosphate. ... Adenosine Tri phosphate is vital for all living cells, processes within the cell cannot use the energy stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule, and they have to rely on Adenosine triphosphate. Thus it is present in all living cells, and is particularly highly concentrated in the presynaptic terminals. This is because presynaptic terminals require a lot of energy for the maintenance of the resting membrane potential and the release of neurotransmitters (Burnstock 2013). Along with this, it is also the neurotransmitter in multiple areas of the brain. The neurotransmitter action is believed to be mediated by Adenosine Tri Phosphate as well as adenosine. And attempts to differentiate between the role of Adenosine Tri Phosphate and adenosine on post-synaptic terminals has been futile so far. Although their mechanism of action is different, they seem to have similar role in the postsynaptic cell. Adenosine Tri Phosphate acts via the P2X and P2Y receptors on the postsynaptic cell, and use s Ca++ as the second messenger. Meanwhile this Adenosine Tri Phosphate is also gradually broken down by hydrolysis to Adenosine Monophosphate and then to Adenosine by enzymes present on the surface of the plasma membrane (Dasgupta, Ferre?, Kull, Hedlund, Finnman, Ahlberg, Arenas, Fredholm, & Fuxe 1996). Ecto-alkaline phosphatase is thought to be the major enzyme in the formation of adenosine in the synaptic cleft. Adenosine then activates the A1 and A2 receptors and further augments the role of Adenosine Tri Phosphate. A1 and A2 receptors use cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate as the second messenger inside the cells and their activation leads to an increase in

John Dewey Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

John Dewey - Term Paper Example In the said era, the government enacted first educational law by Massachusetts General Court requiring the parents that their children must able to understand the religion and laws by reading and writing. Following the premier rule, many other consequent policies were endorsed by general court with cooperation and support of federal government. After the permissive era, the next era has been nominated as Encouraging Era (1826-1851). During this era, the educational sector in United States was enough furnished and flourished through educational friendly policies and law enforcement. The education was at its growing phases during these years. It is because people in the government had begun realizing that education is the key that may lead the nation above skies. However people were not forced to must send their children to public schools but the provision of understanding the laws and religion was still persisted. Education was made compulsory in all states of United States in 1855. F rom 1855 to 1980, parents were compelled by the government to send their children to schools. In case of violation of the order, they were charged penalties. In encouraging era, people were motivated by making them aware with the prime significance of education in the development of any nation. During that era, the volunteers and persuaded people blissfully sent their charges to educational institutions while some of those were still overlooking. To compensate the ignorance committed by citizens, government made it compulsory for every child (Kauchak and Eggen, 08, 12, 21). After 1980 to date, the educational era is committed as freedom and choice of school era. People were enough matured and full blown that they were not needed to force any more. The policy approach by historical timeline in perspective of United States of America suggests that government adopted the most suitable strategy for its nation in order to enforce a powerful and well established educational system. It rem ained pretty successful such that literacy rate in United States is reported as 99% (males as well as females) (U.S. Dept. of Education). Philosophical Perspectives of American Education In generalized philosophy, it is comprised of four broader categories which are further applied to other applications. Such as here we are required to apply philosophical concepts over US educational system. The four branches are Epistemology, Metaphysics, Axiology and logic. Every one of these is relative to describe the real phenomenon behind the scene. The purposes of education overlap in different scenarios. Such as if we critically examine the historical perspective of purpose of education, it can be clearly elucidated that educational basis has a strong philosophy behind it. In the same connotation, being most precise, the logic behind education is development and awareness. The twofold rationale behind introducing the education explains the purposes with respect to society and purpose with re spect to culture. The goals of a person’s life may be better achieved with the help of education. It polishes the human mind by putting immunity for critical thinking and decision making in it (King). Not only it gives bookish knowledge only but also it offers a strong sense of socialization, judgment and finding of reality. It has a defined way for every individual through a particular age in order to get an equivalent chance for development and augmentation.

B2 Managing Organisational Change and Development Essay - 1

B2 Managing Organisational Change and Development - Essay Example This chain of hotels is one of the largest on a global level, specifically because of the infrastructure that it has created. However, projects for expansion are required to take new initiatives for the continuous expansion within the industry. Hilton Hotels is one of the largest corporations in accommodations and has built their company as being one of the most innovative hotel chains. They currently have hotels in six continents with over 530 hotels and resorts in over 76 countries. The standards that have been set by the hotel are based on providing innovative products, amenities and services to guests while considering the trends that are currently a part of the industry. For instance, many of the hotels are focused on providing green seals for the environment as one of the latest trends in the industry. The different hotels are built as franchise opportunities with the Hilton as the overall brand name that is within the industry. The reservation system is built from a multi – level option which allows different consumers to connect to hotels first by locality then by the types of amenities that they desire to have. The overall focus of the different concepts of the hotels is based on a spirit of hospitality and service while providing rooms for both leisure and business options. The hotel has also built a reputation from philanthropic activities taking place around the world (Hilton, www.hilton.com, 2010). The current status of the hotel industry, specifically with competition of the Hilton, is one that is becoming redefined through the current market. The recession in the United States from the year of 2007 created lower demands for the hotel while many consumers and businesses began to focus on budget instead of style. The expansion of the Hilton into other regions of the world carries the same concept, which includes high

Free

Free Speech Essay In 1996 at Bonneville High school in Ogden, Utah a young foreign exchange student from Poland sat with her friend eating lunch. As she gazed upward she could see into the window of one of the history classes. To her horror, visible to the entire student body was displayed a Nazi flag. The flag was being displayed as part of a class on World War II and was displayed next to a Japanese flag, newspaper clippings, and other memorabilia to highlight certain aspects of that time period. After asking for the flag to be removed without avail, the student, Marta Daszkiewicz, wrote a letter to the local newspapers editorial section. In which she wrote â€Å"The swastika still evoked fears because the neo-Nazi movement is still alive in Germany. If you have Polish license plates, you can get beat up by neo-Nazis when you go into Germany, (Daszkiewicz, personal communication, February 15, 2012) A local newspaper at the time reported: [Karen] Miner said she was surprised to hear that Daszkiewicz, whose grandfather was killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, felt the Nazi flag had no place on her classroom wall. â€Å"My father was one of the first Americans to go in D-Day, Miner said, adding that he helped liberate Paris and later some of the concentration camps where Nazis killed millions of Jews and members of other ethnic groups they deemed to be inferior.† (Associated Press 1996) At the school, teachers took sides, and because she was miles away from her parents and other means of support the young student felt ostracized. She felt like she had come to the land of the free and when she decided to speak her mind, she was shot down. (Daszkiewicz, personal communication, February 15, 2012) Karen Miner, the teacher, also felt her own freedoms had been brought under fire, and although she had been supported by her school and local school board, she certainly was not promoting Na zi ideology. (Associated Press 1996) What the student and the teacher had experienced here was a classic clash over when and if our freedom of speech should be censored. In either position; it is hard to know how we should respond. This was a balancing act with the teacher on one side representing the government, her students, and herself and the student on the other representing the individual. Both sides would probably describe their own freedom of expression to be the one that was threatened. And both have a reasonable claim to have their rights  being protected. In the United States of America, the right to freedom of speech has been held as one of this country’s highest values, as nationally recognized by the Constitution of the United States of America. Censorship of speech is a controversial subject matter, and will probably always be debated in the U.S. as long as this country exists. Balancing individual expression against the public’s welfare and safety is one of the most significant challenges of government. The passage and enforcement of unbalanced laws lead to suppression then revolt and an eventual disintegration of that society. Visual Aide The great balancing act is that even within the first amendment itself, there are often conflicts between the specific rights. And often Freedom of Speech is paired against not only the other rights within the 1st amendment, and also against the government’s role to protect the nation. Supreme court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said, I think that we should be eternally vigilant against attempts to check the expression of opinions that we loathe and believe to be fraught with death, unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country. (Holmes, Abrams v. United States, 1919). Justice Holmes did not believe free speech should never be limited however. â€Å"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. [] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent† (Holmes, Schenck v. United States, 1919) When speech is limited even for the reasons stated by Justice Holmes and Mr. Cohen, consequences can arise that are so disagreeable that they outweigh the original intent. On January 18th, 2012, only short time ago, a massive internet protest ensued. Some of the largest and most used internet sites went dark for 24 hours, including Wikipedia and Reddit, to bring attention to the movement against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP Act (PIPA), two acts designed to protect owners of copyrights from the  possibility of intellectual robbery. Wikipedia, Google, and many others stated that while they understood the need to stop piracy of intellectual property, these bills went too far and began to censor ideas and knowledge. (Pepitone, 2012) It is only through this type of public discourse that the protections of speech and expression remain intact. On September 11th, 2001, one of the worst attacks in the history of the United States was perpetrated on our own soil. This act has lead to countless, laws and actions by the United States government. Among these is a very controversial act, known as the patriot act. This act has been argued by some to sacrifice our privileges of privacy and other rights for a little more security. Yet many believed our freedom of speech remained untouched. â€Å"Unlike World War I, for example, people were free to express their opposition to the â€Å"war on terror† without fear of being sentenced to ten years in prison†¦ In at least one significant area speech and association de emed to provide â€Å"material support† to terrorist groups our First Amendment rights are considerably less robust in the wake of 9/11 than they were before. Professor David Cole, a professor at Georgetown University Law Center explained â€Å"The â€Å"material support† law gives the executive the power to designate as a â€Å"foreign terrorist organization† any group that is foreign, has used or threatened to use a weapon against person or property, and whose activities undermine our â€Å"national defense, foreign relations, or economic interests.† (Cole, 2007) Cole further explains that the Supreme Court rulings of Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project uphold as constitutional the Bush and Obama administrations’ overly broad interpretation of that law and set dangerous precedents for speech rights in the future. The fear of further attacks by the enemies of the United States is not a reason to suppress our speech and expression. â€Å"Censorship,† according to Justice Holmes, â€Å"is an almost irresistible impulse when you know you are right† (Sunstein, p. 25). But letting the government swing toward suppression even in the face of adversity may at first help to protect a society but can eventually lead to much more complex and destructive problems. History has provided many examples of societies that used tactics to suppress ideas and expression. Examples of these groups are religions, governments, schools, and corporations. History has also shown  us that prolonged restriction of free speech leads to some sort of revolt. Known examples of revolts due to suppression are, the Lutheran and Calvinist Movements in Europe, the American Revolution, and Brown versus The Board of Education. (Heyman, 2010) A more modern, less dramatic, representation of the idea that censorship leads to revolt is known as â€Å"The Streisand Effect†. (Greenberg, 2007) The Phenomenon is named after singer Barbra Streisand and her failed attempt to suppress pictures of her home from being posted across the internet. In 2003 Kenneth Adelman posted aerial photos for an environmental survey. These photos included the singer’s Malibu beach house. Streisand responded to the pictures by suing Adelman. â€Å"Until the lawsuit, few people had spotted Streisands house, Adelman saysbut the lawsuit brought more than a million visitors to Adelmans Web site, he estimates. Streisands case was dismissed, and Adelmans photo was picked up by the Associated Press and reprinted in newspapers around the world.† (Greenberg, 2007) Yet based on history a suppressive government cannot sustain itself without making a switch to a more balanced approach to human rights, including free speech. In his book Did Plastic People of the Universe topple communism? Tom Stoppard shows the history of how suppression of Rock and Roll in Czechoslovakia eventually led to the 1989 Velvet Revolution. In 1976, after years of suppression by the Czechoslovakian Communist Party, The Plastic People of the Universe, a psychedelic rock and roll band were put on trial after attempting to stage a music festival that was not sanction by the government. (Stoppard, 2009) A diverse group of supporters, including playwrights, writers, professors and other Czech intellectuals, had attended the trial and gathered outside in the hallway. Among the supporters was avant-garde playwright Vaclav Havel who had met band members a week earlier and had been impressed with them. Havel left the trial feeling disgusted with the world and resolved to make a difference. (Stoppard, 2009) In the months that followed, these sympathizers gathered in solidarity with local hippies and rallied around the Plastic People. They dared to establish a human rights organization and released a statement of principles on  January 1, 1977, naming their organization after the charter, Charter 77. Havel said that the Plastics were defending lifes intrinsic desire to express itself freely, in its own authentic and sovereign way, which is as close to a perfect definition of both democracy and rock and roll as has ever been stated. Charter 77 evolved into a world-famous human rights petition that eventually landed Havel in jail, and was a precursor to the national revolution or â€Å"Velvet Revolution† that occurred 12 years later. (Stoppard, 2009) â€Å"The Velvet Revolution (Czech) or Gentle Revolution (Slovak) was a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that took place from November 17 to December 29, 1989. Dominated by student and other popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, it saw to the collapse of the partys control of the country, and the subsequent conversion from Czech Stalinism to capitalism.† (Radio Prague, 1997) The Constitution of the United States extends the rights of speech as part of the first amendment. However, within the same amendment the constitution also offers religion, press, and peaceable assembly. Within the same amendment the right can sometimes conflict with some or all of the other rights protected by the constitution. Balancing the rights of citizens with the demands of government is not a battle that will ever be won. Due to changes in the worlds ideas and cultures we must, as Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. suggested, be â€Å"Eternally Vigilant† (Holmes, Abrams v. United States, 1919) in protecting others free speech. Balancing individual expression against the general public’s safety is one of the most significant challenges of government. If we do not we must face the possibility of losing our own freedoms and may have to fight either through words or deeds to retain those rights. Bibliography: Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1995). The Collected Works of Justice Holmes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Radio Prague (1997) Radio Pragues History Online Virtual Exhibit!. http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html Retrieved 2-16-2012 O’Brien, David M. (2010) Congress Shall Make No Law: The First Amendment, Unprotected Expression, and the Supreme Court. Lanham, Maryland: Bowman Littlefield Publishers, INC Heyman, Steven J. (2008) Free Speech and Human Dignity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Goldsmith, Edward (1971) Social disintegration: causes. London, England: Sphere Books Stoppard, Tom (2009) Did Plastic People of the Universe topple communism?. NY Times Online 12-19-2009. Retrieved 2-15-2012 Associated Press (1996) Polish Exchange Student Criticizes Nazi Display. Associated Press, Saturday, May 25 1996 http://www.deseretnews.com/article/491559/POLISH-EXCHANGE-STUDENT-CRITICIZES-NAZI-DISPLAY.html Greenberg, Andy (2007) The Streisand Effect. http://www.forbes.com/2007/05/10/streisand-digg-web-tech-cx_ag_0511streisand.html (2/15/2011) Norton, Rob (2008) Unintended Consequences. . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved February 18, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/UnintendedConsequences.html Pepitone, Julianne (2012) SOPA explained: What it is and why it matters. CNN Money Tech. Retrieved February 18, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://money.cnn.com/2012/01/17/technology/sopa_explained/index.htm Finan, Christopher M. (2007) From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Frontline (2006) The Memory of Tiananmen 1989. PBS Thomas, Andrew Peyton (2005) The People v. Harvard: Law How America’s Oldest Law School Turned Its Back on Free Speech. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books Sunstein, C. (1993) Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech. NY: Free Press Cole, David (2011) Free Speech After 9/11: Why Advocating for Peace is Now a Crime. American Constitution Society. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://www.acslaw.org/acsblog/free-speech-after-911-why-advocating-for-peace-is-now-a-crime Kim, Jae-Young (2002) Sorting Out Deregulation: Protecting Free Speech and Internet Access in the United States, Germany, and Japan. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC Kristoff, Nicholas D. (1989) A Reassessment of How Many Died In the Military Crackdown in Beijing. The New York Times. 21 June 1989 Abrams, Floyd (2005) Speaking Freely: Trials of the First Amendment. New York, NY: Viking Nunziato, Dawn C. (2009) Virtual Freedom: Net Neutrality and Free Speech in the Internet Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Books Bernstein, David E. (2003) You Can’t Say That! : The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws. Washington, DC: Cato Institute Cohen, Henry Legislative Attorney (2009) Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 7-5700 Daszkiewicz, Marta (2012) Personal Interview conducted by online chat on February 15, 2012. Poland. [emailprotected]

Tuina Massage Essay Example for Free

Tuina Massage Essay Chinese massage (known as Tuina or Tui Na) stimulates acupressure points for healing energy to flow easily. Acupressure points have a high electrical conductivity at the surface of the skin and thus conduct the body’s energy effectively. Discover how to apply the same points and principles as acupuncture –using Chinese massage techniques and sensitivity of the human hand instead of needles. Learn to relieve a range of emotional complaints and common ailments such as depression, anxiety, headaches, backache, insomnia, nausea, carpel tunnel, and many more. Tuina Fundamentals Tuina and ancient Acupressure were developed in Asia over 5,000 years ago. Both are effective in the relief of stress-related ailments, in self-treatment and in preventive health care. Tuina releases tension, increases circulation, reduces pain and develops vibrant health. For more information on Acupressure, see Michael Reed Gach’s book, Acupressure’s Potent Points: A Self-Care Guide for Common Complaints from A to Z. ***** IT NEED TO BE IN 2SPACE FORMAT ***** NEED HEADING ON PAPER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tuina or ‘Tui na’ is an ancient Chinese Bodywork Massage Therapy that is frequently being utilized along with another Chinese holistic technique known as acupressure.   It was developed more than 2000 years ago, and harnesses the individual’s own internal energy known as ‘Qi’ (chi) to return them to a state of health and well-being.   Through this technique, Qi is made to rhythmically flow into the natural energy channels of the body known as the ‘meridians’.   This energy flows is considered to be the stimulating force for life. Manipulation, pressure, massage and traction provided during treatment, helps the body to naturally heal several disorders that affect the muscles, bones and the joints (such as sprains, arthritis, back pain, sciatica, etc); non-muscular skeletal disorders (such as those that involve the digestive system, respiratory systems and reproductive systems) and stress-related disorders (such as tension headache, carpel tunnel syndrome, anxiety, etc).   Besides, it helps improve circulation and the general health and wellbeing of the individual. Several techniques such as gliding, kneading, percussion, friction, traction, rotation, vibration, rocking, shaking, etc, are utilized during therapy sessions.   The meridians provide the life-giving energy to all the structures of the body such as joints, muscles, internal organs, tissues and the mind.   Any disturbance in the flow of Qi can cause several problems.   The Chinese have viewed disease as a condition in which the flow of Qi tends to get distorted.   When the flow of Qi is well-regulated, the individual is healthy in mind, soul and body. During this technique, manipulations help to correct the energy flow.   Various acupressure points may be stimulated in order to encourage the flow of Qi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acupressure is the technique in which pressure is applied to certain points in the body to treat any disturbance in the flow of energy (Qi).   In acupressure, 12 meridians or energy pathways are manipulated.   In actual Chinese medicine, 20 meridians exist; however, only 12 are considered important in acupressure that supplies energy to the tissues, organs and other structures of the body.   2 supplemental meridians (conception vessel and the governor vessel) are also manipulated sometimes. The 12 routinely utilized meridians include lung, pericardium, heart, large intestine, triple energizer, small intestine, liver, kidney, stomach, gall bladder and bladder.   Once the energy flow is stimulated, any imbalances in the flow are corrected, and the individual feels energetic and confident.   Along the 14 meridians, about 300 points exist known as the ‘acupressure points’ or ‘acupoints’.   Each of these points is given an alphabet-numerical code, and is manipulated with the fingers, hands, wrists, thumbs, knuckles, and sometimes with blunt objects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The area at which the pressure has to be applied should be explored with a deep probing pressure.   Once the precise point is reached a stinging pain is felt, followed by a numbing or tingling sensation that migrates to other parts of the body.   With experience the points can be more easily recognized, but the sensitivity to pain reduces with time.   Once the point has been recognized, pressure should be applied over it for a few minutes.   The procedure should be repeated on the other side of the body. Once the procedure is completed, the individual can experience a lot of relieve from stress and tension, and an improvement in the flow of energy is immediately felt.   Sometimes, the symptoms may worsen following manipulation of the acupoint. In that case, the procedure should be stopped at that particular point.   If the treatment seems to be ineffective, the individual should search for other points lying close to the one manipulated.   In case, the individual gets only transient relief, the procedure should be repeated again.   The individual should remain relaxed, calm and concentrate during manipulation.   Besides, finger pressure, rolling with a blunted object (like a pen), pressing with the knuckle or palms, tapping, kneading forces, friction, traction, etc, can also be tried out and reapplied if it seems to be effective. References: Boyd, K. T. (2007). The Online Acupressure Guide. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Stanford University School of Medicine Website: http://med.stanford.edu/personal/pointfinder/ CHIS-UK (2007). Acupressure. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Complementary Healthcare Information Service UK Website: http://www.chisuk.org.uk/bodymind/whatis/acupressure.php Gach, M. R. (1990). Acupressures Potent Points Guide To Self-Care For Common Ailments. New York: Bantam Dell. Health How Stuff Works (2006). â€Å"How does acupressure work?† Retrieved January 4, 2007, from How Stuff Works Website: http://health.howstuffworks.com/question654.htm Health Information Organization. (2005). Tui Na (tuina) Chinese Bodywork Massage Therapy. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Health Information Organization Website: http://tcm.health-info.org/tuina/tcm-tuina-massage.htm Tuina (2007). About Tui Na. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Tuina Australia Website: http://www.tuina.com.au/about.html

The Role of Quality Assurance in Education

The Role of Quality Assurance in Education Providing quality education at a higher level is the need of an hour. Much emphasis has been given to the basic education in the recent past, but providing quality education at a higher level has received ignorance. Quality dimensions seem to have two implications i.e functionality of the output and meeting the basic standards. Hence, the quality of a higher education system may be seen from the point of view of norms and standards, which may evolve depending on the need of an hour. Sustaining quality in teacher input like: curriculum design and development; evaluation of learners performance and progress vis-à  -vis curriculum evaluation and quality management practices become crucial. Therefore, sharing of the experiences among institutions on quality issues may generate ideas for evolving norms and strategies for their quality assurance of management processes, curricular inputs and practices and the evaluation system as well. Of late, various developments have been witnessed relating to quality assurance mainly through intervention of information and communication technologies in education, like networking of open learning system with traditional Universities interdisciplinary interactions at intra-institutional and inter-institutional level, incorporating self financing in their financial management, creation of different statutory and regulatory bodies and national level. Recommendations: Curriculum Planning and management should be studied in the perspective of knowledge management. Integrated approach by involving experts from different fields with major focus on sharing of experiences. Multidisciplinary curriculum must be developed with a view to cater to the needs and fulfillment of expectations of learners, teachers, parents, employers and society in general. Decentralization must be encouraged with a broad frame work of University system. Every University must have its own curriculum. Context, specificity and inquiry oriented experience must be reflected in the curriculum. Curriculum construction should transact in an authentic and real environment. Knowledge and skills must be developed with a view to provide relevance and meaningfulness. Learners involvement must be encouraged to link previous experience with present learning. Teachers should plan mentors of guiding learners to learn instead of directing them. Learners must have ample scope of formulate their own queries and have multiple interpretations of knowledge through self search and experimental learning. Assessment and Accreditation The higher education system of India needs to be expanded to a much greater scale to serve to the needs of Indian youth. Majority of the higher education institutes do not come anywhere near the level of average institutions of higher education in the advanced countries. This vast gap in standards and facilities has been a cause of constant anxiety and concern to the policy makers. The issue of accessibility of quality higher education needs to be addressed in the light of vast economic and social disparities, cultural and linguistic diversities together with the aspirations and capacities of potential students. The accessibility of quality higher education needs to be expanded from elitist to mass education. This issue has significant implications in the sense that it demands redefinitions of the aims of higher education. Recommendations: Accessibility and quality up gradation are inseparable dimensions of higher education. Both should be emphasized equally. The quantitative expansion of higher education for a sub continental size country is of paramount importance to mitigate disparities across regions, gender and social strata in education. Along with quantitative expansion improving quality of higher education is equally important. Emphasis on quality parameter becomes all the more necessary in the light of mushrooming of private institutions with opening up of Indian economy. Setting up of NAAC has sent the right and positive signals for generating and promoting awareness of urgent need of quality up gradation of Colleges and Universities. Quality upgradation is not a one time phenomenon. In view of this, post accreditation complacency must be arrested by evolving quality assurance mechanism for self regulation. The setting up of Internal Quality assurance cell is on such. Effectiveness of quality up gradation in higher education largely depends on quality of primary and secondary education. Institutional mechanism on patterns of NAAC may be set up at these levels. Periodic assessment should be conducted. Workshops/ Seminars/ Conferences and orientations/ Refresher courses should be organized during lean periods in institutional academic work so as not to upset the teaching schedule. More and wide parameters should be identified for assessing the quality of institutions. Assessment and accreditation work should be moved further to the level of teaching and research departments within Universities/ Colleges. While restructuring the syllabi and courses efforts should be made to develop an optimal combination of acquisition of theoretical and practical skills. In restructuring of syllabi, all stakeholders such as students, teachers and users of services should be involved. Examination reforms for regular and continuous assessment of students performance should be made. The critical review of activities of higher educational institutions as well as their budgets needs to be conducted to Phase out obsolete activities. Methods of Up gradation In the higher education system goal of providing quality can be achieved only by the realization of our internal and imperishable being. Our aim in higher educational system at promoting environmental protection, universal peace and internal co-operation, harmony and unity in external space can best be realized through internal purification and perfection. Our education system Endeavour to promote harmonious relationship between both the inner and outer dimensions of the individual environment and the cosmos. Our objective in higher education in not only to promote equality and social justice but also to provide the right kind of work ethos, professional expertise and leadership in all work of life. Above all our endeavor is to foster among teachers and students and through them in society generally integral development of various inherent in physical emotional, rational, aesthetic, ethical and spiritual education. For the higher education such as in technical education we arrange major programmes which are related to review and renewal of the curriculum for education and training of engineer and technicians, modernization of the laborites and workshops and removal of obsolescence and establishment of community polytechnics. For the higher education UGC is established and in addition the UGC has established NAAC to carry out periodical assessment of universities and colleges in the country. For the higher education Open University system such as IGNOU and Kota distance education council has been established so that the higher education gets much simpler and convenient. For the higher education a scheme of career orientation to education has also been launched and for this a number of institutions have introduced career oriented courses in different subjects. For this open learning systems and distance education courses have also contributed significantly to the diversification of courses so that the field of professional stress has come to laid on new areas of studies which have direct relevant to new industry. For the higher education in the field of diversification some selected committees or commission has also launched a TV programme for general awareness in natural science, social science and arts. For the higher education there are number of measures have been taken for quality improvement. These include the development of infrastructure, curriculum, human resource and research. In the higher education system we have to reform the examination system. There is also a programme for reform in the examination system and various experiments have been conducted to ensure that the students are freed from the burden of annual examination and are encouraged to continue to study throughout the entire period of study. Government should make a firm commitment to higher education institutes to make efforts to raise their own resources by raising the fee level, encouraging private donation and by generating revenue through consultancy and other activities. By the higher education we have to develop the national and social education development. The education should have: Address the problems of national development particularly issues concerning self finance, economic growth, employment and social and national integration. Should relate to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and held improve the productivity. Emphasis should be on work experience, vocational studies and improvement in scientific and technological education and research. Inculcate social, moral and spiritual values in the students and thereby society. Role of NGO in education A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that have no government status. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider social aim that has political aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as political parties. Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, the term non-governmental organization has no generally agreed legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called civil society organizations or referred to by other names. NGO plays a very vital role in growth of higher education particular in the present scenario of competitive world. There should be partnership between higher educational bodies and NGO in various activities such as: NGO conduct orientation programmes for training of new teacher and also refresher courses in various disciplines for in-service teachers to enable them update their knowledge by some selected members of NGO. NGO helps to enrich the quality of higher education, a country wide classroom programme was launched. In higher education programme NGO also helps in some schemes such as a special films on various subjects are prepared and telecast for the benefit of students and teachers. For the higher education NGO also set up to produce special films and a large numbers of video tapes are being product for transmission on the national T.V. network. NGO helps participating in and contributing to major debates concerning the direction and future of society is seen as a major task. NGO helps to improve productivity by emphasis-sing work experience vocational, improvements in scientific and technological education and research and in many other wide areas. Public Private Partnership (PPP) on Higher Education in India What is PPP? Public-private partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies PPP involves a contract between a public-sector authority and a private party, in which the private party provides a public service or project and assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the project. Need for PPPs The provision of schooling is largely provided and financed by governments. However, due to unmet  demand for education coupled with shrinking government budgets, the public sector is developing  innovative partnerships with the private sector. Increased private investment is thus imperative to expand infrastructure and provide greater access to quality higher education in India. EY FICCI report emphasizes that PPPs (Public Private Partnership) could be an effective mechanism for attracting much needed private sector investment in the Indian Higher education system without diluting the regulatory oversight of the Government and other regulators Common Misconceptions about PPPs Public private partnerships are the same as privatization By entering into a public private partnership, public sector loses control over the provision of  services Public private partnerships apply only to infrastructure projects The principal reason for government entering into public private partnerships is to avoid debt Public sector employee will lose under public private partnerships The cost of service will  increase to pay for the private partners profit There are only two partners in a public private partnership Few Figures Indias enrollment figures in higher education remain abysmally low at a mere 11 % compared to that of the US and Canada, where over 60 % of college-age students access higher education, highlighting that public-private partnerships are critical for wooing investment in Indias higher education system. This shortfall in the number of young who are eligible for higher education and the existing infrastructure presents Indias unique challenge, in terms of the sheer scale of its population. India has over 400 universities and more than 20,000 colleges with an enrollment of 14 million students, yet it is grossly inadequate. Partnership Formats in Education This study while covering the concept of public-private partnerships, presents the basic modes of  partnerships that can exist between the government and the private sector in the field of education. PPPs involve the government and private players to work hand-in-hand for providing public infrastructure and other services, while jointly sharing the risks, rewards, investments and responsibility associated with the activity. Partnerships are established for varied reasons including construction, financing, design and maintenance of public infrastructure. PPP in social sectors such as health and education are sometimes referred to as Public-Social Private  Partnership (PSPP). A number of PPP models can exist that range from simple management contracts to BOOT formats. These formats vary in the kind of benefits they yield, few of such formats are Public Private Financing of Higher Education Science / Research Parks   University owned companies Research Focus The research focus is on Public-Private financing of higher education. Let us see this through couple of cases as mentioned below The Melaka-Manipal Medical College PPP Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) India entered into an agreement with Joint Venture Medical  College Corporation (JVMC) Malaysia to start a private medical college in Malaysia. The key objective was to provide additional doctors for Malaysia and offer opportunities for students in the region to study medicine at a cheaper cost than in the West. The agreement led to partnership between the State Government of Melaka, the Manipal Group and members of Indian Diaspora in Malaysia. The local government provided teaching staff, supervisory services along with financial assistance to students. It also allowed use of local government hospitals for training and teaching purposes On the other hand, the private partners contributed to the infrastructure for the Melaka campus with a provision of patient care service and training of staff in the health centers. The private partners also contributed by partially conducting the program in their India campus, as there was a shortage of faculty for basic sciences in Malaysia Benefits Creation of the new college was a step in the direction of increasing the doctor : population ratio. It also led to decreased financial burden for the government as infrastructure costs were borne by the college. The private partners on the other hand, gained an opportunity to establish a college leading to increased overseas exposure, establishment of global reputation and brand name. Funding Through Endowments In November 2008, Indian School of Business (ISB) signed an agreement with the Government of Punjab (GOP) to set up its second campus in India at the Knowledge City, Mohali. The cost of the project is INR 3000 million. To fund the project, ISB succeeded in getting four endowments of INR 500 million each from its founder supporters the Bharti Group, the Max Group, the Hero Group and the Punj Lloyd Group. In return for the endowments, ISB would set up four specialist centers for excellence named after its founder supporters, Max India Institute of Healthcare Management Bharti Institute of Public Policy BML Munjal Institute of Manufacturing and Operation Excellence Punj Lloyd Institute of Physical Infrastructure Management These centers of excellence would promote research in their specific fields as well as provide specialisation  options for management students Benefits For ISB, success in raising a large part of its project costs through endowments enabled achievement of its  growth plans. ISB also recieved commitments from its supporters to provide internships and recruit students from this campus On the other hand, the founder supporters were able to further research in areas of interest to them, as well as  attract more management students to focus and specialize in these areas. They also furthered the cause of improving the quality of education in their home state by attracting a leading management institution Recommendations Encourage private sector funding of higher education Introduce innovative PPP models which encourage high quality players from the private  sector to invest more in the higher education sector Provide tax incentives and simplify norms to attract private investments Enhance impact of Government funding Introduce a mechanism of performance based funding by the Government Encourage HEIs to move towards higher self generation of funds to meet operational expenses, so that Government funds are spent increasing on capacity expansion and quality improvement Rationalize tuition fee and build strong financing structures Rationalize tuition fee structures to internationally accepted levels (~25% of income) which would enable self sustenance of HEIs and reduce strain on public funding Differential pricing may be accorded for students belonging to economically weaker  sections Create robust financing system to support rationalized fee structure through encouragement of scholarships (public and industry sponsored) and increasing student loans coverage through special schemes Support raising of revenue through alternate sources Encourage higher education institutes to identify and develop innovative sources of income other than fees and grants, such as monetization of IP (research patents, licenses), organizing seminars/ public events, consulting etc. For this purpose, set out model practices, incentivize faculty through revenue sharing, and institutes through higher grants for better performance on these factors Develop supportive guidelines and norms to increase utilization of existing assets/land banks of higher education institutes Encourage industrial houses/individuals to give endowments to both public and private HEIs, by providing a 125% weighted tax deduction to all endowments to recognized universities, preferential allotment of seats etc. Improve management of finances at HEIs Support HEIs to obtain access to best in breed finance professionals Conduct seminars and short term courses to share best practices in management of operations at HEIs in order to improve utilization of available finances

The Art of Murder :: The Art of Murder

The Art of Murder In "The Most Dangerous Game" and "Bargain" murder happens.   Certainly, murder is one of the most vile, inhuman crimes a person can commit. Many people commit it willfully and wantonly, but few get away with it without being suspected. General Zaroff got away with murder quite frequently, and Mr. Baumer also did. They were both good at it. Zaroff and Mr. Baumer were the most evil people in "The Most Dangerous Game" and "Bargain" because they were both very sneaky and smart about murdering, they both stacked the deck against their victims, and they were both murderers. General Zaroff and Mr. Baumer were very sneaky and smart at committing the murders. General Zaroff "hunted" humans on an island where many people were afraid of going. He made the shipwrecks look like an accident so that no one would come looking for him or to find possible suspects. He put a large house where he lived in a jungle, where it would be hard for even the most experienced to find by chance. He also "played" with his "game" to think that they would do something that would give them self away so that the killings could be done more sneakily. Mr. Baumer was also very sneaky in committing his act of murder. He wanted Slade dead because he maimed Baumer's hand. He wanted to make it look like an accident. So, he poisoned the liquor which he all but knew that Slade would steal and drink it. He didn't just happen to put the poison in the right place. When Baumer found out Slade was dead, he acted as if it was a surprise to him so that no one would th ink he had something to do with it. General Zaroff and Mr. Baumer were both very smart and sneaky, and they always got away with murder. Both General Zaroff and Mr. Slade stacked the deck against their victims. Zaroff was much more equipped to make his way through the jungle then the sailors. If his hunt took too long, he would send out dogs that could hunt down people with ease. He had much more experience and intelligence than the sailors he used. No sailor was used to walking through such a jungle, with it being so dense and having so many things that could trap them or make it harder to walk through it.

The Effect of Walking on Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Diseases

The Effect of Walking on Blood Pressure Walking is one of the oldest means of transport known to mankind as well as a more physical activity undertaken by the majority of people in their lives. Walking has become an interest field for researchers, where there is evidence to show how walking can help in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, renal diseases, hypertension, breast cancer, colon cancer, depression, stress and obesity. It has also become a major recommendation of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the Center of Disease Control (CDC). It is suggested that brisk walking for 30 minutes, 5 days a week, at 3-4 miles per hour for adults is a form of moderate intensity physical activity which can prove effective as a useful prevention and treatment model (Lee and Buchner, 2008). Many studies have provided evidence that walking is an effective approach for decreasing blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive, and that there is an inverse relation between them (Kelley et al, 2001). A recent systematic review, which involved 27 randomized controlled trials, showed a reduction in either systolic/diastolic blood pressure, or both, in response to a walking programme. This reduction was significantly statistically shown in 9 trials. Of these 9 trials, three studies reported that the decrease was significant for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, four showed a significant decrease only in systolic blood pressure, while two studies found a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure. The mean difference between walking groups and control groups was found to range from -5.2 to -11 mmHg for systolic blood pressure, while for diastolic ... ...s too long, participants may be unwilling to follow or complete it. Thus, it has been found that a walking programme which is more than 12 months long is less effective than a 6 month programme, and that the explanation for this is due to a decrease in the participants’ adherence to the programme (see Lee et al, 2010). It seems that the longer the programme, the less likely it is that the individual will keep to it. It was found (by Lee et al, 2010) that the way in which the time spent walking each day was divided up made no significant difference in terms of reduction of blood pressure response. The study measured the effect of walking on blood pressure by dividing the daily session of walking into three short bouts of 10 minutes; and it was found that this had the same effect on blood pressure as a continuous uninterrupted daily walking session of 30 minutes.

Ophelia and Polonius Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

Ophelia and Polonius   Ã‚  Ã‚   In this essay I will attempt to compare and contrast the relationship of Ophelia and Polonius in Shakespeare's play Hamlet, with the relationship my father and I have. I will analyze the similarities and differences between their relationship and ours to show how even though the play takes place in a much different time period, we still have things in common. First, I will characterize the relationship I have with my father. Next, I plan to define the relationship Ophelia has with her father Polonius in the story of Hamlet. Finally, I will discuss how the two relationships relate to one another.    Since I was young my father and I have had a fairly close relationship. As I have grown up he has continuously instilled important values in my life and continues to nurture my environment and support a productive lifestyle. In my teenage years we have however somewhat grown apart. We still talk but it has become harder to see eye to eye on more and more issues. The way our relationship goes is as follows. There will be a disagreement, we...

Bad Debts

As long as companies make sales by credit there will always remain bad debts. Forecasting for bad debts is not easy. The value of bad debts can remain consistent over time and some issues or circumstances could change that and hence increase the pile of bad debt.To get an understanding of bad debts one has to know the many variables as possible, inside and outside, that have an effect on bad debt. Meaning of ‘Accrual accounting’ : An accounting method that measures the performance of a company by taking into account the economic events regardless of when cash transactions occur.The Accrual method of accounting is about matching revenues when they are earned against expenses associated with those revenues e. g. , under accrual accounting, if a business receives a bill, that bill is treated as an expense even though it has not been paid. In the same manner, if a customer is billed for an ‘x’ amount, that bill is counted as income even though the payment has no t been received yet. Accrual accounting is considered to be the norm for standard accounting with most companies, with the exception of very small operations.This method provides a more accurate picture of the company's current condition, but its relative complexity makes it more expensive to implement. This is the opposite of cash accounting, which recognizes transactions only when there is an exchange of cash. The various ways of estimating bad-debts are as follows : i. Allowance method: One way companies derive an estimate for the value of bad debts under the allowance method is to calculate bad debts as a percentage of the accounts receivable balance. ii. Aging method: The longer an account balance is overdue, the less likely the debt is to be paid.Therefore, many companies maintain an accounts receivable aging schedule, which categorizes each customer's credit purchase by the length of time they have been outstanding. iii. Percentage of credit sales method: Some companies estim ate bad debts as a percentage of credit sales. If a company has done $500,000 in credit sales during an accounting period and if company records estimate that an average of 1% in credit sales become uncollectible, then an adjustment entry is passed at the end of the accounting period by debiting bad debts expense for $5,000 and credits an allowance for bad debts for $5,000.

Obtaining knowledge and skills for employment

Adult focus inventoryamentally refers to educating hand some(prenominal)what(prenominal)s and too referred to as the go oning precept. It is of study conditional relationance in the fiat because it incites heavy(a)s in change magnitude their literacy degrees and in any case in obtaining wisdom and accomplishments that atomic number 18 necessary for enjoyment and swelled head sufficiency. It anyways assists the pargonnt prominents in obtaining the educational accomplishments that atomic number 18 needed to go full spouses in the educational maturement of their s constantlyal kids. It at any rate assists great(p)s in nailing their high schooltime or unessential study. Unlike the green scholars, spaciousgish(p) scholars argon self- directed or independent in that they constantly k nowadays the importance of the plans they atomic number 18 prepare ab come ining. There argon sundry(a) expectant larning and literacy celebrations and notwithstand ingts which progress the full-grown breeding across the universe. This horizontalts and celebrations portion a cat valium intent for they profess as the protagonism tools utilize in raising the profile of the swelled scholars and to a fault womb-to-tomb larning. They overly pass on the persons in winning the benefit of the gang of the acqui poseion chances open to them. They excessively act as a reminder to the position that large(p) acquisition force out be a powerful tool for adjustment in the society. This research pull up s throws quash on wholeed States and Sweden as the selected bows.Main constitutive(a) structureThe definition and intents of cosmic focusing in SwedenObviously, the sundry(a) deliverables in the research be different in the 2 states as it go away be established. In Sweden magnanimous study is highly entertaind. The Swedish defines large counsel as the pattern of educating and in like manner learning the pornographics. This crumb be carried out in the oeuvre topographical points by dint of the go oning teaching or cite splits which be available at the colleges, universities, supplementary schools, the womb-to-tomb acquisition centres, community colleges and the greenness multitude high schools. Harmonizing to the Swedish, the procedure of staple fibre large commandment is to assist the self-aggrandizing(a)s hand the cognition and the accomplishments which atomic number 18 necessary when taking portion in doing life story or in the society as a whole. The grown discipline is to a fault aimed at fixing them for their far surveies. The purpose of the upper vicarious braggart(a) discipline is to abet the growns in purge outing accomplishments and cognition that atomic number 18 matching to the degrees which argon set for the immature plurality at upper secondary school.Adult focal point in Sweden is in any make upt aimed at helping people with larning disablements to stomach cognition and accomplishments which be matching to those which be take ond by the immature people in particular schools. There ar legion(predicate) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) expectants immigrants who only if know their native lingual confabulations. The vainglorious counseling pass on help these freehanded immigrants in building the basic cognition of the Swedish lingual communication ( Sweden.gov.se, 2010 ) . The large fully grown schooling is aimed at increase people s ability to act upon their ain lives and as well and a committedness to the needd festering of the society. The unsubtle sort out of giving centering is also aimed at beef uping and developing democracy, widening expectant affaires in the humanistic disciplines, incr respite eng shape upment in the cultural life, integrity creativeness and besides encouraging misrepresents. The new(prenominal) purpose of grownup management is sane growing. This is because numerous pe ople go forth cheer larning for its ain interest. Sweden has continuously held the grownup precept celebrations and plaints in human beingsity of grownup argument. For instance in the twelvemonth 2003, the Swedish guidance ministry com look out overi peerlessd the Swedish educational disseminate medium company for the grownup scholars hebdomad. This larning festival took topographic point from the 30th of marchland to the 4th of April in an unfastened suffer which was prearranged at the UR. The headland subject of the Swedish grownup statement celebrations and til nowts is to raise the ken of the different and besides interesting larning chances for the experience grownup scholars, reach the new groups of scholars and besides inform the determination takers on the versatile activities.The definition and intents of grownup focussing in coupled States of the StatesThe the Statesns define grownup pedagogics as the extension of the educational chances to the grownu ps who argon above the age of familiar public information and cave in the go awayingness to farther surveies or preparation. Adult argument in the States has assorted intents or ends. ane of the chief ends of astronomical culture in the States is the development of the rational powers of the head this is because it awakens the unlettered powers of the head so as to supercharge the truth and velocity of the logical idea. The argus-eyed up of the un condition powers of the head besides helps in raising the introverted knowingness so that one is in wind with the full cognition base and corporation easy entree it both intuitively or from the coincident multiple positions. The argus-eyed up of the unconditioned powers of the head helps the grownups to verification awargon at all time so that they whitethorn non be interpreted over by wonts or conditioned plans. whatsoever some other(a) end of the the Statesn grownup bidding is the nutriment of behaviours that fix se lection of the human species, persons and societies and behavioural qualifying, and to further social, frugal and political alterations in the society twain culturally and structurally. In this state ( the States ) , it is estimated that around 86 % of its grownup universe has completed high school and even go on their counsel up to the un unify man grade or even higher(prenominal)(prenominal). It is besides estimated that the university or college alumnuss tactile sensation higher bribe than high school alumnuss. This actor that grownup bid is aimed at advancing the person financially and even in his concern field. It is admittedly that the Ameri move society has a high abide by for the grownup affirmation celebrations and events because in the be belatedlyd 1980 the the Statesn association for the promotion of way fueled the move of devising a wider jubilation of the grownup cultivation. The US besides take a leaks its grownups scholars hebdomad yearly with the purpose of easing environments which are contributing to the grownups larning activities and besides bewitch the grownup larning procedure as a tool and a right for sustainable development. For metaphor the US grownup s instruction hebdomad focused on the congressional breakfast for the outstanding scholars which was endorse by a battalion of activities for the AAAE members.The general intents of instruction shared by Sweden and the unite StatesThere are commonality general intents of grownup instruction in these deuce states. One of these intents is the personal growing and development. This is because some(prenominal) o these grownup pupils seek farther instruction with the purpose of self realization and the passment of single growing. For illustration an person energy fall in a air division or an educational plan non merely for the content but besides for the contact with the other persons in an agreeable scene. other(prenominal) general intent of big instruction in these states is the social betterment. Surveies perplex indicated that legion(predicate) grownups further their instruction with the purpose of deriving new cognition and accomplishments which leave alone assist them in bettering their personal or the calling state of affairs. For illustration a buck private who unexpended the surveies early might desire to acquire a certification that which cements of lineations his or her basic competency when it comes to the employment affairs. other general intent of big instruction in these devil states is the organisational effectivity. This take a chances when groups, companies and another var. of organisations fundss or patrons the scholar s activities of its grownup members, voluntaries and employees with the purpose of impeling them in to accomplishing the organisational ends. This is in general achieved by dint of the on-site human resource related development plans or by dint of outdistance educational plans. Another gener al intent of big instruction in these two states is rational growing where by grownups favor to farther instruction for its ain interest. The other general intent of grownup instruction which is shared by these two states is the social transmutation. This is because organisations which ever favor the societal alteration and policy protagonism whitethorn crystallise up ones mind to make their grownup members through the grownup instruction on that pointfore altering the people and besides disputing whish are bing in the societal remainss.Barriers of grownup instruction in Sweden and the unite StatesIn these two states ( the States and Sweden ) , the Numberss of grownup scholars are high though they are encountered by some jobs which shut out them from accomplishing their maturity educational success. For illustration at that place are busy female person parents, male parents and individual parent who halt unfeignedly demanding or tasking survey agendas for they bemuse to deliver intercourse the house clasp duties and at the identical arrange go to to their educational affairs. In these states you will happen that some grownups jakes non prosperedly burnish their surveies because they are non financially satis range of a functiony of financing their surveies. This is because they may be missing employment or the incomes from their reward are excessively low to volunteer for their instruction and all the other demands. rough of them can non easy entree the classs they desire because of the linguistic communication barriers. For illustration you will happen that some linguistic communications are knotty to understand in being a unusual grownup pupil may neglect faculty memberally or even take longer clip in a peculiar grownup instruction class delinquent to miss of rudimentss of the linguistic communication in that state. Again, the systems of instruction tend to change from one state to another. For illustration you will happen that a contrasted pupil may be distressed by the state s instruction systems if it differs from his or her native state. For case in some states one is postulate to tolerate some initial surveies to begin with inscribing for a grade and other states ease up to a greater extent study clip when it comes to some classs unlike others. some other grownups will get agglomerate some plans and they will neglect to finish it because of hard work agendas and complexnesss. For illustration the personality of some occupations calls for to a greater extent clip and the manual of arms 1s are excessively boring much(prenominal) that one has no energy to bring down on the non-working activities.Another barrier to with child(p) instruction in these states is transit. Some of the grownup pupils are excessively old to sit a bike to the colleges and others convalesce the render of the vehicles to and from school excessively dearly-won to take attention of. The addition in the Numberss of the grownup instruction pupils has been prompted by the discarding of the traditional meta tangible account and the incorporation of the broad or flexible attack of carry oning and computer programing categories. This attack involves the alteration of hours some(prenominal) at dark and during the weekends so as to slip the grownup pupil life s agenda ( Dey, 2010 ) . Unlike Sweden, the get together States been crippled with ethnicity since the colonial period. put onable to this ethnicity Black and Hispanic grownup Americans could non be accommodated in the major plans of the so Native Americans.The race amongst the in bollock instruction and go oning instruction in Sweden and America is in truth explicit. This is because in both states it is clear that the go oning instruction is incorporated in the in imposing instruction. This is because the go oning instruction is non planned and examined officially. Again its constructions and procedures are non purely adhered to as in the formal 1. In Sweden you will happen that the kinship in the midst of the informal and the formal types of instruction is positive because the formal and informal acquired competences are recognized. This is because their position of acknowledgment can suffer one the chance to come in into the formal instruction system accordingly bettering the employment possibilities depending on the labour marketplace. You will happen that in both states at that place is the mutuality sort of relationship between the formal instruction, informal instruction and the superior development. This is prompted by the feature that for one to get the accomplishments needs for employment he moldiness go through through the formal instruction system. Again informal instruction can hone some assorted countries of formal instruction more so in countries where manual accomplishments are essential. The relationship between professional development and the go oning instruction is dependent because gr ownups will reconcile to set about some plans so as to hone their work accomplishments.Historical influences of grownup instructionOne of the historical influences of grownup instruction in America was the rise of large concerns and the expert promotions such as mills which required skilled workers. This was in the twelvemonth 1910. In Sweden the grownup instruction was propelled by the well-nigh intense revolution. For illustration the industrial pith class s had the involvement of retentivity the sort of manual labour that was unresolved of take parting in productiveness. The uphill working folk had the involvement of enjoin the new preparation possibilities and conditions which where brought by the outturn procedure. The working category besides had the involvement of making the conditions of ego emancipation and besides in get the better ofing the societal divisions which were straight related to labour. It was besides influenced by the societal categories which were un ifying with the purpose of making new states so as to get alternate to developing as a agency to accomplishing matter fusion and the coat of arms of the government categories ( Federighi, 2010 ) . In both states you will happen that collect to the increasing engineerings in that respect is demand for farther instruction so as to increase the accomplishments and cognition of the required by the employers.Economic factorsThe sparing provinces of the citizens consume influenced the grownup instruction in these states both positively and negatively. For illustration people who are getting higher incomes or wages are progressively traveling for big instruction but on the other helping hand people who acquiring hap slight wages or income are unable to finish their grownup surveies or even inscribing. receivable to recession some(prenominal) people are losing their occupations and unemployment rate is lifting. This means that they are non capable of paying for their instruction ( Lucifora & A Biagi, 2005 ) . These big instruction plans are really expensive and it whence makes hard for many a(prenominal) to afford. Statistics in the US and Sweden indicate that all grownup instruction pupils, even the around mysterious all affluent depend extremely on the external factors for their financial resolution in this academic establishments. Due to these pecuniary troubles these two regimens perplex moved in to guarantee that they assist their several(prenominal) grownup pupils with their financial constrains. For illustration in the United States of America you will happen that most of the grownup instruction pupils in the space secondary establishments extremely depend on a combination of direct sustain and tuition fee from the province or political science for their funding. There is besides federally plunk for which act as the cardinal fiscal underpin for the grownup instruction pupils. The fiscal aid from the authoritiess has assisted the sever al grownup instruction pupils in to completion of their academic plans and besides many grownups are now encouraged into go oning their instruction since the economic barriers are minimized by the authorities support.Political factorsSome of the political factors that influence the grownup instruction in the America and in Sweden involve the authorities and the licit processs. These two authoritiess have formulated policies on how to fund grownup instruction so as to advance the accomplishments of the national work force. In the United States you will happen that some of the legal processs are required before a individual enrolls for the grownup instruction plan. The work of the authorities engagement in these states is to guarantee that ordinances are followed so that the criterions of this grownup instruction plans can be maintained. Political mental unsoundness makes it trouble for many grownups to prosecute farther instruction because of either fright of the physical force or deficiency of finance. It is expressed that many unstable states ever have fallen or unsteady currencies, many people lose occupations and others may acquire ache when the disputing groups come in to reach. For many old ages at that place has been political peace in both Sweden and America. This has parentd the stability of these authoritiess and that s why thither are good enough planned and equipped educational plans and establishments where the grownup pupils can inscribe for their instruction without major troubles. Stable authoritiess besides promote big instruction in that they collect nice grosss that alter them to finance grownup instruction and then encouraging many grownups in to advanceing their instruction due to the lessened fiscal constrains.There are some societal factors which reckon the disposition of grownup instruction in America and Sweden. For illustration you will happen that some persons will go to the grownup instruction for its ain interest. separ ates will travel for it due to prestige. For illustration you will happen that knowing people are extremely precious in the society because they are believed to be knowing. In the American and Swedish societies you find that no 1 wishes to be left behind as the others get richer in accomplishments and incomes and that is why employees will choose for big instruction. Other societal factors affect grownup instruction negatively. For illustration during the periods of racism in America the inkinesss and the Hispanics were segregated and they hence could nt come in entree to this instruction and merely a few managed to go to. There are assorted factors that influence the nature of instruction both in Sweden and in America. They acknowledge the race ethnicity, faith, and socio-economic specially the inflow of immigrants which characterizes the two states. Most of the immigrants had low incomes so they tended to go to the grownup instruction establishments that fitted their economic and societal degree. Another societal factor that affects big instruction in both Sweden and America is related to the turning diverseness of the population. This is because asunder from tote uping instruction to the turning take in of the minorities many universities besides have to supply instruction to the older population which is ever desire the long life larning chances. This means that there will be a societal dissatisfaction with the higher instruction and the universities and they hence have to go through present(prenominal) cost and needs to the grownup pupils and other pupil who are the portion of the establishment.Another societal factor which influences instruction in these two states is gender. Since clip immemorial at that place have been the recognizes of gender stereotyping in the society whereby the females are perceived to be weak and non capable of prosecuting in to demanding undertakings. Due to this sex sort of pigeonholing many hubbies have assume that their grownup partners can non successfully inscribe into the higher instruction and hence suppressing them from inscribing into the grownup instruction class. that thanks to civilization many married females are now inscribing in to grownup instruction plans compared to the past old ages. Other societal factors which affect grownup instruction in the two states admit the ego construct and the house bemuse or work back drop anchors. For illustration grownups like to be identify with their age. Some grownups will presume that their age is above the school traveling and they will whence leave schooling to the immature population therefore denying themselves some good chances which include upwardly mobility in their several occupations. The grownup pupils from unstable households as a consequence of matrimonial struggles may happen their instruction uneasy to manage because some of these matrimonial struggles tend to be nerve-wracking particularly when they lead to disassociate. A dult pupils from the work backgrounds where the bearing does nt recommend for instruction for upward mobility might happen it hard to continues or even inscribe into big instruction plan for they may acquire runty or no support therefore happening it hard to finance their higher instruction.Cultural factorsThere are some cultural resolutions that affect big instruction in both Sweden and the United States. For illustration the cultural military positions have a really large repair on the grownup s attitude to larning this is brought approximately by the different national features that make it unsafe for the grownups to presume that another states educational thoughts, public monstrance and establishments are better than those from their native states. This is really common in Sweden and in America because some pupils hold the civilization that some of the grades and fleece from their native states are non every stain valuables as those from the other states like the United Kingdom and they hence make agreements to go on their instruction in the foreign states. Another cultural factor that affects big instruction in these two states is the clip orientation. This is because the American and the Swedish civilizations are really much clip oriented. For illustration in America clip is extremely cherished and utilized and even the instruction system is geared towards the appropriate clip direction. This makes some of the minority groups to be disadvantaged by the instruction system because their civilization make non make non emphasize or even stress the sense of urgency. Examples of this minority groups include the native America and the Latino Americans. anyway in Sweden the Swedish-Finns besides do non value clip orientation and some of them are extremely disadvantaged in the Swedish educational system because their civilizations besides do non emphasize the sense of urgency as it is required.Another cultural factor that affects big instruction in the se two states is the societal category and ethnicity. It is believed that low societal category people who come from the minority cultural groups are seen to be the under winners. This is non do some of the grownup to miss the origin to go on with their instruction since there assume that they might non be successful in the completion of their surveies. Again the people from the lower societal categories tend to miss adequate fiscal capableness to foster their instruction because for most of the bash non hold good occupations which can convey adequate income to fund their instruction. Another cultural factor that affects big instruction is the cultural impression that females are of course weak. This premise makes the grownups females receive less attracted in go oning with their instruction because some of them besides believe that they can non do it. Some females may besides be denied the chance to go on with their instruction because their hubbies or parents fail to fund them due to the premise that females are less of import in the society an d their continue instruction will be of no kernel in the society.Section 2Myths environing grownup instructionOne of the issues that relates to adult instruction in America and Sweden is the myths environing it. For illustration you will happen that most of the grownups fear the continuity of their instruction because of the environing people in the society. Some of the myths provide a negative position of the grownup instruction. For illustration it is believed that go oning instruction is merely meant for the quick people. This happens to be pretended because grownups ever have an already built in sort of cognition of experience and life of which they can ever pull upon. It is besides assumed that advanced instruction is merely meant for the immature. This is non true because some college pupils are in their 60s, 70s and 80 yet the mean age estimated for the college pupils it at 30s. Others assume that the cost of the advanced grownup instruction is non deserving the disbursal. This is decidedly false because a college grade alumnus will ever bring a bulk of money in the occupation market compared to the high school alumnus. It is besides believed that grownups make excessively much money for assistance. This is of class untrue because assistance in these two states is ever available for the grownups who even make more than $ 80,000 yearly ( Wetzel, 2008 ) .These authoritiess should guarantee that they teach their citizens on the advantages and benefits involved when go on his instruction. Harmonizing to the US section of labour 80 % of grownups who engage in continued instruction are likely to graduate with a unmarried man or a Masters grade compared to the less than 50 % those who attend college instantly from high school. To promote more grownups to go on their instruction, these authoritiess should train the processs which will extinguish the concerns and raise the consciousness of these benefits. The grownups should be educated that advanced classs leads to an ameliorate calling, by increasing the opportunities of publicity, salary increases and the fact that one will go vendible in his field of calling. These two states should besides understand that increased rates of continued instruction can take to alter lives of the employees and can animate the immature into bettering their instruction.Educational costAnother issue confronting big instruction in America and Sweden is based on some of the barriers of higher instruction particularly the cost. Some of the universities and colleges sharpen their classs so expensive such that the grownup pupils can non afford without aid either from the authorities or other private variety meats. The Swedish and the American authoritiess should prepare policies that will guarantee that the grownup pupils are funded so that their fiscal duties are lessened. These policies may include the federal or province backed loan s or grants and besides authorities funding either in the tuition or direct funding of the grownup pupil s instruction.This means that many will be motivated to further their instruction for their ain improvement. This authorities should besides guarantee that their several instruction systems are reformed to suit these grownup pupils. This is because many employees and the house-helps have clip particularly during the twenty-four hours to go to their talks. These reforms should affect the proviso of categories at the eventide and even during the weekends so that the grownup pupil may hold adequate clip to go to their academic slots or school agendas. Another barrier is the geographical location of the grownup pupils places and work topographic points. It is clear that many will non hold adequate clip for going particularly in the far establishments due to meanspirited agendas. This is because many colleges may be dictated really far from the people places or topographic points of work intending many grownups will hold to go many kilometres before they get to their several colleges or universities therefore troubling them when it comes to clip direction. These authoritiess should therefore make up ways to supply grownups education surrounding(prenominal) to antagonize this tight work agendas. E-learning is one of the options which can help the pupils in conclusion the academic undertakings at place. The e-learning will enable many pupils to acquire the content from the talks through the cyberspace and besides even sent their finished date through electronic mails therefore doing it easier for the pupils to make their assignment without covering long distances. This is really of import in antagonizing the distance barrier and besides cut downing clip direction incommodiousnesss.Demand for big instruction fluctuates unitedly with the economic system sometimes. When the public presentation of the economic system is good and so workers in this sector go challenging to happen, most employers do loosen up on their criterions. This has ended in most of them engaging workers who do nt hold a GED or even perfect incline proficiency that is required in United States for illustration. This makes it hard for grownup scholars to acquire maximal support from their teacher since English is chiefly used as the linguistic communication of direction. Those who are immigrants normally face the highest challenges in such instances. The minute economic systems dull employers so alteration and go more selective. This creates a challenge for pupils because they find that they mustiness hold excess instruction if they have to set down occupations in the grownup instruction sector.Adult instruction categories have to confront major alterations in footings of support. This has caused the figure of learning staff to maintain on fluctuating twelvemonth by twelvemonth. In both states, budget force per unit areas have been attributed to the limited sup port in big instruction. The consequence of this is that most plans are forced to trust more on voluntaries where authoritiess and other organisations do nt do up any difference. United States is one of those states where there are alone in-migration policies. Additionally, this state has comparative prosperity compared to others. This has therefore touch the figure of immigrants come ining United States. This has created a demand for English to Speak of Other Languages ( ESOL ) instructors every academic twelvemonth. This is ever a pressure job for grownup instruction in United States.Sweden has restructured its instruction system. The ground why this was done was to do certain(p) that the concluding merchandises of their instruction system have the qualities and properties that are desired in the market. This stratagem has really negative effects on grownup instruction values. The major instruction values that have been affected of late due to reconstituting are creativeness and humanitarianism. This has let down the quality of instruction that is provided to grownups in Sweden. grammatical gender facet is one of the most of import things in big instruction development in Sweden. Sweden has experienced an inequality in the working life between adult females and work forces. It has become ever hard to interrupt traditions that grownup pupils have on class picks. Educational paths for grownup pupils have ever proved a invariable challenge. Most surveies have indicated that attempts in seeking to better on this have ever been really weak. It has been established that the figure of adult females enrolled in municipal grownup instruction has ever been higher compared to that of work forces. For illustration, in 2006/2007, adult females made 67 % of the stallion registration. On top of this, they have the angle of dip of doing gender-related and traditional picks in municipal grownup instruction. Programs of attention and nursing are reign by adult females while honest oriented 1s have been dominated by work forces. The major job in such state of affairss is that adult females last end with consequences that are non promising as those of work forces. A study from Swedish Trade Union Confederation has indicated that even after go toing municipal grownup instruction, adult females find it hard to set down occupations after vocational preparation. It has been an issue since adult females have been known to be less successful compared to work forces.