Mentha Farm Business Plan

Mentha Farm Business Plan (Mentha Garden) Executive Summary Mentha Garden is a 10 acre farm dedicated to the production of Menthol oil (Pipermint oil). Mentha Garden is located at Fatehpur in Barabanki , Uttar pradesh. Mentha Garden is working hard to become a leading producer of Menthol oil in Barabanki for the Stage 2 level industry. Barabanki ranks number one in menthol oil production, which constitute 65-70% of Indian production. Menthol oil is used in Pharmaceuticals, Chewing  Tobacco, Pan  Masala, Perfumery  Compounds, Toothpaste, Mouth  Washes, Oral  Preparations, Confectionery, Cigarettes  .Keys to Success Mentha Garden has identified two keys that will be instrumental in their success. The first is the implementation of strict financial controls. By having the proper controls, production efficiency will be maximized. The second key is the recognition and implementation of the philosophy that 100% customer satisfaction is required to ensure a profitable business. Profits are a by product of satisfying customers, not the other way around. Products Mentha Garden is a 20 acre farm that concentrates on the growing of different variety of Mentha.Mentha Garden will feature:- Mentha  Arvensis-Initially  the  crop  grown  was  called  Japani  mint/  Mentha  Arvensis  but  subsequently  the  problems  of  rains  &  dryness,  this  crop  was  developed  and  known  as  MenthaShivalik. Mentha  Piperita- The  USA  being  the  main  producer  of  Mentha  Piperita  similarly  it  is  also  called   American  piperita. Though  India  is  developing  the   quality  of  Mentha  Piperita   Comparing  to  US  crop  but  we  have  not  yet  been  able  grow  successfully  till  now. Process  of  Deriving  Menthol  Crystals  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Stage  1:  Farmers  level Mentha  arvensis  leaves  are  boiled  and  oilà ‚  is  extracted.Iron  vessel  is  used  for  the  same. Stage  2:  Industry  level Mentha  oil  extracted  in  stage  1  is  frozento  minus  60  degrees  Celsius. This   takes about  6  to  7  days. Aluminium  vessel  is  used   here. The   output   consists   of   30%  De? Mentholised   Oil   (DMO)   and   70%  Flakes. Stage  3:  Industry  Level These   flakes   are   heated   at   40  degrees   Celsius. The  liquid  obtained  is  filtered  by cloth  and  loaded  into  a  machine. Crystals   are  sown  in  this  liquid  and  kept  for  15  to   20  days. The  output  is  70%  crystal  and  30%   residual  mentha  flakes. Iron  vessel  is  used   in in  this  process.Market Menthol Garden sells Raw Menthol oil to the Industry level -2 on market price . Management Team Menthol Garden will be lead by the Sujeet patel and D. K Patel(father). Father brings a wealth of business and management skills to the Garden. Sujeet patel will be responsible for the business operations of the farm and marketing of oil. Financial Plan- Mr. D. K Patel is doing menthol oil farming traditionally but I wanted to apply my Botanical knowledge as well as management skills , what I have learnt in my 12+3+2 level of education .

Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel

They wore soft fur coats; shiny, ivory colored pearls upon their necks; slinky satin dresses; and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes. These ere the rich and famous women of the Big Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I called them, the â€Å"Fur Coat Ladies. † They all exuded glamour, which l, Aphelia Parker, wanted more than anything. But instead of that, I got living in a middle class environment and going to a regular high school.But I was lucky enough to marry my high school sweetheart, James Richard Parker. We were madly in love, so it was pretty easy to convince him to save up enough money for a honeymoon in Paris, France. Honeymooning in Paris is exciting by itself, but I had no idea what amazing opportunity it had in store for me. On February 5, 1954, at around nine in the morning, I went on a walk by myself through town. Except this was not the town I usually walked through, for it was Paris, France.I was aware of the fact that Coc o Channel, also known as my role model, was holding her well anticipated comeback show in Paris that day. I wanted to get a ticket, but they were sold out. As I walked past the venue of the show, there were already many well-dressed people, most of them with cameras and notepads, hoping to sneak a peek at the new collection. And that was when I Molly FOX @02927528 saw her: the most glamorous woman in the world, the woman to whom I looked up the most, Coco Channel, was within walking distance of me.I was staring intensely at her impeccable outfit: a small, black wool hat, a glossy pair of pearl drop earrings that were matched up with an even glossier pearl necklace, a black and white tweed skirt suit, a silky black shirt, sheer black stockings, and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes. I then saw her pointing at me and a feeling of fear quickly came over me. Immediately after that, Coco and a young man in a well-tailored suit walked over to me. The man asked me, in French, if I could model, and being fluent in French, I answered that I could.Coco and the man told me to come with them, and before I knew it, I was whisked into the magical world of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at Coco's show was that one of her models had abruptly fallen ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to take her place. While standing nervously backstage, I was handed one of the most flawless outfits I had ever seen: a perfectly stitched Ana suit. It contained a box Jacket and pants; a matching Ana bootee made of cotton; a crisp, white button down shirt; and carefully crafted leather high heeled shoes.I was told not only that this is the outfit that I would be wearing onstage but that I would be the first model to walk across the runway! All I had to do was simply walk to the end of the runway, turn around, and walk backstage. That is exactly what I did when it was time to do so. I can still vividly remember the hot, bright stage light shining down on me as if it was the Sun, the licked-clack of the high heeled shoes on the smooth runway, and the feeling of hundreds of pairs of eyes fixated on me, a regular girl from the United States of America, modeling in Coco Channel's comeback show in Paris.After Coco gave me 400 Euros for filling in for the sick model, I resumed my honeymoon with James. When we got back to New York City, I went back to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went back to work in construction. We eventually got teaching Jobs at our old high school, with James teaching mathematics and me teaching French. I was also the proud owner of a youth theater until I sold it in 1992, which was also the year I retired from teaching.Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who both went on to be actresses on Broadway. James passed away yesterday morning in his sleep, and while going through his belongings, I discovered the pictures of our honeymoon, bringing me back to this experience. It made me realize t hat even though I never became a â€Å"Fur Coat Lady,† being the first model in Coco Channel's comeback show was Just as great in my opinion. Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel These were the rich and famous women of the Big Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I called them, the â€Å"Fur Coat Ladies. † They all exuded glamour, which I, Aphelia Parker, wanted more than anything. But Instead of that, I got living In a middle class environment and going to a regular high school. But I was lucky enough to marry my high school sweetheart, James Richard Parker. We were madly In love, so It was pretty easy to convince him to save up enough money for a honeymoon in Paris, France. Honeymooning in Paris Is excellent by Itself, but I had no Idea what amazing opportunity it had in store for me.On February 5, 1954, at around nine in the morning, I went on a walk by myself through town. Except this was not the town I usually walked through, for it was Paris, France. I was aware of the fact that Coco Channel, also known as my role model, was holding her well anticipated comeback show in Paris that day. I wanted to get a ticket, but they were sold out. As I walked past the venue of the show, there were already any well-dressed people, most of them with cameras and notepads, hoping to sneak a peek at the new collection.And that was when I Molly saw her: the most glamorous woman In the world, the woman to whom I looked up the most, Coco Channel, was within walking distance of me. I was staring intensely at her impeccable outfit: a small, black wool hat, a glossy pair of pearl drop earrings that were matched up with an even glossier pearl necklace, a black and white tweed skirt suit, a silky black shirt, sheer black stockings, and carefully crafted leather high led shoes. I then saw her pointing at me and a feeling of fear quickly came over me. Immediately after that, Coco and a young man in a well-tailored suit walked over to me.The man asked me, in French, if I could model, and being fluent in French, I answered that I could. Coco and the man told me to come with them, and before I knew It, I was whisked Into the ma gical world of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at Cocas show was that one of her models had abruptly fallen Ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to take her place. While tanning nervously backstage, I was handed one of the most flawless outfits I had ever seen: a perfectly stitched Ana suit. It contained a box jacket and pants; a crafted leather high heeled shoes.I was told not only that this is the outfit that I would be wearing onstage but that I would be the first model to walk across the runway! All I had to do was simply walk to the end of the runway, turn around, and walk backstage. That is exactly what I did when it was time to do so. I can still vividly remember the hot, bright stage light shining down on me as if it was the Sun, the illicit-clack of the high heeled shoes on the smooth runway, and the feeling of hundreds of pairs of eyes fixated on me, a regular girl from the United States of America, modeling in Coco Channel's comeback show in Paris. Af ter Coco gave me 400 Euros for filling in for the sick model, I resumed my honeymoon with James. When we got back to New York City, I went back to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went back to work in construction. We eventually got teaching Jobs at our old high school, with James teaching mathematics ND me teaching French. I was also the proud owner of a youth theater until I sold it in 1992, which was also the year I retired from teaching.Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who both went on to be actresses on Broadway. James passed away yesterday morning in his sleep, and while going through his belongings, I discovered the pictures of our honeymoon, bringing me back to this experience. It made me realize that even though I never became a â€Å"Fur Coat Lady,† being the first model in Coco Channel's comeback show was Just as great in my opinion.

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Religion - Essay Example With such a background information, this paper goes ahead to analyze fundamentalism, by addressing aspects of its past, present, and future, incorporating its application both in Christianity and Islam. Fundamentalism, since its establishment, has had two broad perspectives; global fundamentalism and historic fundamentalism during its development in the late 19th century and establishment in early 20th century. Generic fundamentalism is a worldwide global movement with the mandate of making known institutionalized aspects that have been concealed by the modernized life. Ideally, fundamentalism plays a substantive role in minimizing the distancing of religious aspects from those of the world and state, considering that during its establishment, cultural and social patterns was rooted in the certain religious perspectives. This, therefore, provides for distinct roles for various individuals and groups such as clergies, women, and men. In historical fundamentalism, similar perspectives are shared as those of generic fundamentalism, and has gone ahead to enhance awareness among individuals such as influencing world religions (Fisher and Wise 26). Fundamentalism has its roots in the United States from where it began as an aspect of liberal and progressive views that were held by the Americans in the 19th century (Fisher and Wise 42). One of the greatest contributing views held by these individuals against the scholars who stood strong in criticizing the Bible was that Moses never authored the first five books of the Bible. Such perspectives started during the Niagara Conference in which they discussed that it was time that human went back to the social ideals as intended by God, in which every individual, be it male or female, parent or child, had distinct roles to accomplish, as such a perspective was built on God’s creation. It is based on such aspects that the name

CASE STUDY Plan a Major Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CASE STUDY Plan a Major Event - Essay Example 4. Data Projector, Motorized Screen 385.00 5. Electronic Whiteboard 220.00 6. Public Address System (PA System) provided by the hotel at no extra cost. 7. Lectern / Podium provided by the hotel at no extra cost 8. Dinner Buffet served at The Corn Exchange Restaurant@ AUD 70.00 per person 2450.00 9. Room Charges for the delegates (Maritime Studio) @ AUD 365.00 per room 12775.00** TOTAL 18375.00 The room charges include continental breakfast and airport pickup and transfer. * - Business Buffet Lunch includes- Tomato and mixed leaf salad marinated broccocini with vegetable relish Smoked Salmon, Cream Cheese and Spanish Onion Prager Ham, Semi dried tomato and Hommus Chicken Caesar with Bacon and Parmesan Cheese Baby Corn Lettuce Caesar Salad Smoked Corn Nibblets Roasted Capsicum and Marinated Eggplant Classic Potato Salad with Shallots, Crisp Bacon and Creamy Mayonnaise Chef's selection of assorted French Pastries Freshly brewed coffee and selection of teas Selection of Soft Drinks, Mineral Water and Orange Juice ** - BASIC ROOM RATE DOES NOT INCLUDE ADDITIONAL PER ROOM, PER NIGHT CHARGES THAT MAY BE IMPOSED OR STATE/LOCAL TAXES. Outside Vendors - There is no requirement to liaison with outside vendors as all the Audio Visual equipment can be obtained from within the Hotel Establishment. Booking Arrangement - Booking arrangement needs to be made at least 2 working days prior to the conference so that all necessary arrangements can be made. Once you have completed your booking, you will receive a confirmation email. A member of our meeting team will contact you by phone within one business day to review your meeting details and provide final confirmation and note special requests. Three... 2. Fire Safety - A likely fire hazard can occur due to any mishap in or outside the venue. Hence, as prescribed by Safety Regulations, besides the proper lighting of EXIT signs, there will be also fire extinguishers and directions to operate fire alarm incase of any mishap. A Questionnaire is designed to gather information about services and experiences in our case, the feedback provided by the delegates will enable Business Inc. Pty Ltd. to ensure that the quality of services are maintained and the suggestions and remarks will enable us to better future experiences and ensure that incase any discrepancies have been met with, the same does not arise in the future. 1. Front Office - Upon greeting the delegates and customers with a pleasing smile and available round the clock to assist in problems and special requests providing information ensures that the delegates are comfortable. 3. Food and Beverage - The Food and Beverage (F&B) Department ensures that your event is turned into an extravaganza.

Assignment # 2.2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

# 2.2 - Assignment Example portant because patients data will be stored I better way and also activities in the health facility will be done quickly meaning it would be manual or paper work which will need all the information to be in paper form and taken to the next medical professional but will be reflected direct to the professionals computers thus lowering the cost of employment. My advice to Carla is that she should ignore the opening in the other medical facility as a medical assistant because in the future also the facility will endorse this new technology despite been assured by her friend she has not heard any information for her practice joining a network or switching to the EMRs. If Carla decides to stay she should prepare herself mentally so that she may understand the new system and she will be of great help to the practice because of her basic computer skills and also because she is young she will be able to master the new technology faster than her other workmates. If I were her could have remained in the facility. As a healthcare professional, though I will be employed I will always take the work seriously as the owner because this is my passion, my career and I would like to see it in the next level. I will invest my time and resources to help all those who will be in need of my service at all the time. I will always set standards and examples for my coworkers to follow. I will make all the efforts to see the health care improve. I will always be in the frontline when it comes to reforming the nation’s health care system. Government should be fully be involved in reforming of healthcare services for instances the government should ensure that each citizen who is living beyond the poverty line have free access healthcare, they should also construct more facilities to make easier for patients to access healthcare services. It important for people to have health insurance because it helps in case the patient cost of treatment is huge, it relieves the patients family the

Week 2 MGMT 670 Conf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 MGMT 670 Conf - Essay Example However, strategic plans that are too vague and do not distinguish between key organizational objectives will result in a firm that ultimately fails. This is because there is no planning and direction from top management, whose responsibility it is to make sure that no stone is left unturned when it comes to strategic planning. The key is to strike a balance between flexible and firm strategic plans. In some industries, the margin for error in this process can be extremely tight, so it is important to have the right executives with industry experience making key management decisions. The right timeframe for a strategic plan depends on the situation of the firm involved and the industry it is in, but in general a strategic plan should last for about one year. After this period of time, management can reevaluate whether the market conditions have changed, and if so, how the strategic plan should be adapted to accommodate these changes. Because a strategic plan is of extreme importance to a company’s future success, only those with the appropriate knowledge and expertise should develop a strategic plan. Traditionally this has been a top-down process, but the best strategic plans include many more people than just top management. Opinions should be sought from department heads as to where the company currently is and where each department sees the company going in the future. This is important because only by receiving the opinions of middle management can the top executives understand how a strategic plan will affect the company. Also, a strategic plan can then be implemented based on the opinions of every department, which will not only help everyone to feel included in the process, but it will get every department working from the same page. The most successful strategic plans are followed because everyone understands their part in the process and what is expected of

Digital business snapchat Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital business snapchat - Research Paper Example At the end of this provided timeline or period, the videos or photographs become hidden from the devices used by recipients, as well as being deleted from Snapchat servers. As the new thing in the market, more people were using it evidenced by the company’s records whereby, as at May 2014, Snapchat application users were sending 700 million photos and videos on a daily basis. In addition, viewers of Snapchat content users towered over 500 million times on a daily basis. This high usage from customers is mainly due to the benefits that the application provides to its users. Furthermore, the application can work through various communication devices such as SmartPhones, thereby enabling privacy and security of the images and videos shared. The self-destruct mechanism set by the application on shared photos and images also ensures a high sense of privacy, as one cannot keep it long enough for it to leak to unauthorized persons. The sender has the option of selecting the people he or she wants to view his or her videos or photographs. As such, the sender determines the amount of time in which he or she wants his or her recipients to view the photos or videos before they self-destruct and delete completely from the application’s database (Bassiliades, 2014). A comprehensive SWOT analysis entails evaluating four major options in the business environment of the company. as for this case, a SWOT analysis evaluates the business environment of Snapchat since its inception to date, with regards to aspects such as S – Strengths, W – Weaknesses, O – Opportunities, and T – Threats. Strength refers to the factors or aspects that provide a competitive edge for the application. A weakness refers to the areas within its business environment that can create a loophole and diminish the returns on the business profits. An opportunity refers to new doors and chances that

The Provision of Architect-Engineer Services Assignment

The Provision of Architect-Engineer Services - Assignment Example Because of the focus of the company on government projects, the need to abide by the provisions of the FAR has been necessary for preparing this RFP to find the right outfit to carry out the planned project. The approach to this RFP is based on key clauses of the FAR including FAR  §Ã‚ § 15.203, 15.204 and 15.209, which focus on contracting by negotiation (Bowie, 2002). There are design development documents that confirm an award of the project rather than notice to proceed. This is in congruence with FAR  §Ã‚ § 15.207 and 15.208 to begin work 15 calendar days after the award has been given. There shall be two major progress payments which are design phase and construction phase. Any payment to be made during the design phase shall be done only upon submission, review, and acceptance of design deliverables. For the construction phase, progress payment will be done on the percentage basis, where the percentage of work completed on the items listed will determine payment to be made. In order to ensure that Government Accountability Report guidelines are implemented, verification of completeness of work will be carried out with the direction of representatives of the Contracting Officer. Calculations for payment shall also be based on Governments Verification of Works. The interested parties are to aid with the transparency of the whole selection process by enclosing a complete stamped and signed design-build construction documents that will make the work of the selection team easier. By comparing the contents of these documents, it should be possible to achieve the outcome of the FAR  §Ã‚ § 13, which ensures Simplified Acquisition Procedures. In pursuant to this, all the following indicators in the table must be covered.

Iraq War Essay Example for Free

Iraq War Essay The past decade had been one of the few significant eras for international relations and international politics. Various activities and phenomenon had occurred which made such era a memorable moment in which the topics of decision making including the people whom creates and enacts the decisions had become significant. One of the numerous events which had occurred in the past happened during the day of September 11, 2001 in which two buildings in New York City were seen by all the people in the world to be crashing slowly in front of their eyes. This news was spread in different parts of the world and made a mark in the history. The violent actions or the terrorists created a difference in the relationship of various states most especially United States and also led to different actions of the offended state. As said by different analyst, newspaper columns and politicians, it is said that one of the major results of the September 9, 2001 event was the war in Iraq which was launched by the United States. Many various speculations were theorized by the different people and one of the most common speculations was that United States wanted to have revenge against the terror that they have experienced. Different theorists have presented their point of view regarding the situation and stated that the few reasons were: 1. the September 9, 2001, Saddam Husseins stock of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and the stock of oil in Iraq. The three speculations were the most talked about and debated by known personalities in politics and in media. As the war continues on, the interest of the United States were slowly presented to the world. After the United States invaded the state of Iraq, the troops of the Americans seek for the weapons of mass destruction but then, the group was not successful in finding any weapon which could threaten the whole world. The prosecution of Saddam Hussein became the last reason for the United States to occupy Iraq. However, the United States did not leave Iraq immediately—which was expected by most of people at watch of the situation. The situation of Iraq war was influenced by different actors within the international community. Different organization as well as individuals became involved in the resolution and the activities of the War in Iraq. The most significant personality in the Iraq war was President George W. Bush Jr. The United States President acted as the main person that lead the whole nation to war and encouraged the world to join in the battle against terrorism. Another actor was the former Prime Minister of United Kingdom Tony Blair. Tony Blair, together with President Bush teamed up in order to fight the violent groups in which promoted terroristic activities. The United Nations also became a great part in the actions in which the United States had taken. The organization of the United Nation became the actor in which the actions of United States were justified. The United Nations was one of the international organizations in which supported the mission of the United States to pursue its goals to put a stop in the violent actions of groups and individuals. Another great influence in the decision to attack and invade Iraq were the republicans in which were really persistent in the promotion of war against terrorists. For the masses to understand the decision making processes in the Iraqi war the theoretical framework called â€Å"Global Complexity† was used by McGoldrick in order to understand the process as well as the decision making of the actors. McGoldrick provided the â€Å"tipping points† which he took from John Urrys definition: â€Å"three notions: that events and phenomena are contagious, that little causes can have big effects, and that changes can happen in a non-linear way but dramatically at a moment when the system switches† (McGoldrick 2004, p. 8). However, in the written work of Daniel Masters and Robert Alexander they stated that President George Bushs administration molded the war related to September 9, 2001. The administration became the â€Å"front† of the whole state to justify the actions that the state had made. The authors stated that President George Bush made use of the situation of the devastating event and then made the hearts of the American Nation follow to the desires as well as the beliefs of the President. (Masters and Alexander, n. p. ) References Masters, D. S. and Alexander, R. M. (2007, Mar) Framing War: The 9/11-Iraq link and public support for the Iraq War Paper presented at the annual meeting of the WESTERN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, La Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada. Online PDF Retrieved 2008-08-20 from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p176638_index. html. McGoldrick, Dominic. (2004) ‘9-11’ To the ‘Iraq War 2003’: International Law In An Age Of Complexity. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.

Fruit and Calcium Phosphate Ca Essay Example for Free

Fruit and Calcium Phosphate Ca Essay Washed, crushed livesnail or kuhol (eggs can also be used)place in a plastic container. Pestle orcrush materials Don’t use hands. Add thesame amount of molasses or Muscovadosugar. Mix sugar in ? container with fishingredients then remaining molasses. Prepare at night to prevent flies frombreeding. Apply directly to thesoil or to the ground, not to the leaves. Keep concoction from direct sunlight. Store in dry coolplace. Cover and keep in a cool place or shadedarea. Drain to extract liquid after 10 to 15days. Transfer liquid into a clean plasticbottles Wait till tiny bubbles disappearbefore sealing the cover before storing. Always leave about ? of bottle empty soIMO can breath. Calcium Phosphate Ca? P(animal bone) Induced flowering, prevent overgrowth. For older plants, it Increase calcium factor on roots and leaves. Calcium Phosphate (Ca? P) is the product which according to the plants’ lifecycle and can be fast? effective. Ca? P is applied when the plants are about to flower. Feed to animals during pregnancy or breeding timeat 200 times dilution. Spray when first flowers comes out. ex: tomato plant , cucumber, eggplant etc. Boil or broil 2 kilos ofanimal bones to separatemeat and fat untilremaining meat to thebone is charcoal blackscrape charred meat andlet it cool. Do not burnthe bone. Ratio 1:10 1 Place bone in a plasticcontainer and pour 5gallons of purecoconut or sugarcanevinegar. Cover for 30days. Filter and used. Keep air tightcontainer. 2 Calcium (eggshell and shells) Strengthen Flowers. Contributes to better utilization of carbohydrates and protein. It is also a major element in forming a cell membrane and enables smooth cell division make fruit hard and sweet. Spray CA on the leaves after the fruits has become large. They prevent overgrowth and get a sweet hard ruit. Add seawater, calcium phosphate or OHN for better taste and aroma of the fruits. It is applied when nitrogen is big. It is the most important ingredients for flowering. Wash and crushedeggshell and take theinside filament or film. Pan fry 2 kilos eggshelluntil brown, set aside andcool. Vinegar first thenpour slowly the eggshells. 1 Wait till the tiny bubbles disappear and stop. Use exact container. Cover and ferment for 20 days. Filter and use keep in airtight container..

Functions of Investment Banks

Functions of Investment Banks A Critical Discussion of the Major Functions  Performed by Investment Banks. Glossary (Jump to) Abstract   Chapter 1 –The Major Functions of Investment Banks   Summary Bills of Exchange   Corporate Finance Investment Management   Chapter 2 – Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography Abstract Investment banks evolved as a result of lucrative merchant centers located in the north of Italy, Belgium as well as Holland from the 17th through 19th centuries. During that period Europe’s most influential merchant families moved to the United Kingdom as it was becoming the merchant and banking center of the region. Said list included the Barings, Rothchilds, and Warburg families and their interests (Kuhn, Robert. 1990)[1]. Developments in the United States resulted in that country becoming the center of financial activity in the late 20th century and saw the rise of JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs Merrill Lynch and Morgan Staley joining the ranks of the older investment powers (Carosso, 1970)[2]. Investment banking represents a broad spectrum of financial services that are dispensed by various specialists in conjunction with global investment banks. The services performed by these institutions includes (Lott, 2001)[3]: Underwriting, Distribution, The maintenance of markets in bonds, shares and securities issued by public entities and businesses, as well as Other services In contrast to the services provided by commercial banks, where the principle functions are to accept deposits and make loans to consumers and business on a short-term basis, investment banks engage in four important functions (Lott, 2001)[4]: Assist in the arrangement for the provision of funds to corporations and governments through underwriting as well as distributing new securities issues, Maintenance of markets for securities through the trading and execution of orders for secondary market transactions, Administer advice with respect to the purchase, sale and issuance of securities as well as other financial areas, The creation and management of varied investment vehicles. In addition to the foregoing, investment banks also perform a number of other important transactions and functions that are the subject of discussion in this paper. Chapter 1 –The Major Functions of Investment Banks 1.1 Summary Investment banking consists of a broad array of financial transactions. Some of the more familiar are (Lott, 2001)[5]: Underwriting, Syndication, Corporate Demand Capital Tenders and, Investment banking functions It is this last area that shall for the basis for examination. Bills of Exchange (Williamson, 1988)[6] These are independent instruments of debt that carry the signature of the customer (debtor). In summary, it is an order that directs a specific sum is to be paid to a specific individual. This instrument safeguards that a bill is accepted so that control is not lost of the item(s) involved. A ‘bill of exchange’ contains a stated date of payment that must be concluded on that date irrespective of any disputes concerning the item named. There are legal measures to prevent payment, termed ‘non-honoring’, which are subject to differing rules depending upon the country involved. Corporate Finance (Williamson, 1988)[7] This aspect of investment banking represents a specific finance area that deals with corporate financial decisions as well as the tools and analysis formulas and processes utilized to arrive at these decisions. It is divided into ‘short-term’ and ‘long-term’ techniques and decisions whereby the objective is to enhance corporate value through ensuring the ‘return on capital’ is more than the ‘cost of capital’. The equation rests on a conservative application of risks. Corporate finance is related to managerial finance, although the latter is larger in scope as it entails financial techniques that are possible in all business forms, whether they are corporate or non-corporate. IPO’s (efmoody, 2005)[8] Termed ‘Initial Public Offerings’, IPO’s represent the beginning of a publicly listed company and as such those investors whom are in position at this stage are poised to reap almost immediate gains if the stock rises on opening day. Similarly, these same investors stand to lose money if the opening price drops substantially. During the last few years the offering prices have tended to average out as being overpriced. This is borne out by the fact that the closing price, on average, the day of opening generated an annual return of just 2%. In terms of profitability, IPO’s generate large fees for the participating firms and represent the most profitable underwriting area. Fees generally average seven percent (7%). After the various splits between managing underwriters, brokerage firms, law firms and staff the profit hovers in the 34% through 40% range. This service is a cornerstone in aiding firms to float securities needed to expand or underwrite operations and as such represents one of the more important functions performed by investment banks. Rights Issues (Constantinides et al, 2002)[9] These are equity issues whereby shareholders of record have the right to purchase new shares that have a fixed exercise price. Mergers Acquisitions (Allen et al, 2000)[10] Investment banks act in the capacity as advisors in merger and acquisition deals. In working with both the target(s) of acquisition as well as the acquirer(s), investment banks provide their information expertise to help arrive at the ‘reservation price’. They also calculate the potential for gains and the risks in the transaction. And while investment banks have a vested interest in these deals, their pragmatism is an effective counter weight in maintaining a balance between undervaluing and overvaluing. Operating under banking regulations, investment banks represent a sort of intermediary that engenders public trust in the legitimacy of the transaction and is a part of a system that represent checks and balances over these types of transactions. Commercial banks might have potential conflicts of interest in these types of deals, so even while they have recently taken on this role, the majority of these transactions are still funneled through investment banks. Investment Management (Williamson, 1988)[11] As the term implies, investment management is also known as portfolio management as well as money management. It is a segment of investment analysis that examines the management of money relating to securities purchases as well as their sale. High Net Worth Individuals (Williamson, 1988)[12] Investment banking services for individuals of high net worth has been a long standing feature for an elite group whose banking investment needs exceed the capabilities of commercial banks and traditional specialists. The complex variable regarding the client’s return targets and relative degrees of risk along with long as well as short-term requirements represent specialized analysis. The resources of an investment bank are suited to meet the demanding requirements of these types of individuals as well as confidentiality. The extremely sophisticated variables comprising recommendations and placement in various instruments are crafted to fit an approved plan of action. Because high net worth individuals have access to their own channels of information, the demands of these types of clients in terms of sophistication requires the resources of a specialized institution. Corporations (Williamson, 1988)[13] The investment management of corporations entails handling a number of asset management areas. As is the case with high net worth individuals, it entails an extensive analysis of the goals and objectives desired as well as the cash availability requirements for specific periods of time. The preceding represents a valuable service as a result of the high level contacts and access to specialized information, opportunities and rates of return with moderate risk that investment banks can avail themselves of. Pension Funds (Williamson, 1988)[14] These funds represent extremely large sums that require placement in investment avenues that contain high degrees of safety as well as meeting return rates in established parameters. The important nature of these retirement funds requires an institution to pay close attention to risk avoidance as well as any potential changes and shifts in the market that could potentially affect the money in the Fund. Mutual Funds (Williamson, 1988)[15] In terms of mutual funds, there are literally hundreds of fund types to select from as a result of the classifications within this group. One particular type of fund which investment banks have an advantage over commercial banks is in hedge funds. These types of funds are unregulated and usually governed by unconventional strategies. Hedge funds trade in equities, money markets and bonds and offer yields as well as risks that exceed traditional long stock and bond methodologies. The secretive nature of these funds and the fact that they cater to institutions, corporations and high net worth individuals only is within the purview of investment banks. The mutual fund classifications contains a number of differing types, these are as follows: Objective Oriented Growth This type is structured so that it appreciates in value over time by investing principally in the common stock of companies that have shown or are showing a high growth potential. Income These are structured to generate dividends on a regular basis as the priority, with growth in value as the secondary selection criteria. Balanced These funds are a balance between growth and income funds thereby providing investors with dividend payouts while the fund appreciates in value as a result of the growth in the corporations selected. Market Oriented Specialized Through limiting holdings in one industry sector these ‘sector growth’ funds place their emphasis on one industry classification. The preceding entails risks if that classification or segments of that classification perform poorly. The reverse is also true if the sector experiences growth. Bond Funds These tend to be conservative investments, principally in debt securities, with the objective of providing income while preserving capital. The focus is similar to Income Funds, which is the payment of dividends. Municipal These types of bonds can be either short or long term and represent state and or local government issuances. Corporate These funds are composed of bond issuances by corporations and are guaranteed by companies to pay out both interest as well as principle. Zero-coupon These are bonds that are sold to investors at a discount and payout only on the maturity of the face value. Because the investor purchased these at a discount, the face value represents the gain. International These are composed of the debt securities of corporations and governments located in other nations. As some countries pay higher rates, the gains can be interesting depending upon currency fluctuations and conversion rates. Convertible Securities These funds invest in securities (debt) that permit conversion of their bonds into stock. The objective is the preservation of capital yielding growth and income. Money Market Money market funds invest in the short-term obligations, debt, of both governments and corporations and are structured by and large to permit smaller investors to participate for amounts starting at approximately $500, depending upon the fund. Without the fund, direct participation requires increments of $10,000. The pooled sums are then invested and managed. Multifunds This type of fund invests in the performance of other types of mutual funds. All Weather These are designed to weather all types of business and economic phases. Emerging Growth These types of mutual funds invest in companies with high growth potential. Precious Metals As the name indicates, these are funds that take positions in various types of valuable metals. Green A newer category within this classification, Green Funds select growth companies that have a record of being responsive on environmental issues and adhere to policies within that arena. Chapter 2 – Conclusions Investment banks serve a valuable purpose in financial and business markets through their handling of public offerings (IPO’s) and private placements. These functions help corporations with their liquidity requirements and the issuance of securities. As investment banks can sell stock in an IPO as well as secondary offering and private placements they represent a centralized location that is able to fill the needs of corporations, governmental entities and high net worth individuals. The decades, and in some cases centuries of participation in high level finance has resulted in connections within finance arenas whereby investment banks maintain ties and associations at participation levels that are beyond commercial banks. In addition, this sector represents the top of the talent pool in finance, thus the intelligence factor exceeds the personnel employed in commercial banking. Because investment banks are primarily paid on a success basis, their commitment to the deals is higher and so are the monetary rewards. Typically, the compensation in the industry ranges 50 through 60% of profits paid out to partners and employees. Investment banking executives, analysts, junior bankers and junior partners generally earn twice their commercial bank counterparts as their jobs entail making money for the firm as well as performance reviews for themselves. The high pressure and performance nature of these positions means only the brightest in their fields work in this sector, thus the reason for investment banks receiving the biggest and the best of deals in all of the service function areas mentioned above. The preceding emphasis on profits, earnings, fees and performance might seem like a focus on greed, however it is geared to bring out the best, through competition among firms, which benefits investors, the general public and the economies of the countries in which these firms operate. Bibliography Allen, Linda, Jagtiani, Julapa, Sauders, Anthony. The Role of Bank Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Supervision and Regulation. Carosso, Vincent. 1970. Investment Banking in America, A History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN: 0674465741 Constantinides, George, Harris, Milton, Stulz, Rene. 2002. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance. ISBN: 0444513639 efmoody.com. 2005. IPO’s. http://www.efmoody.com/investments/ipos.html Kuhn, Robert. 1990. The Library of Investment Banking. Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL. ISBN: 1556232993 Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 1 Footnotes [1] Kuhn, Robert. 1990. The Library of Investment Banking. Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL. ISBN: 1556232993 [2] Carosso, Vincent. 1970. Investment Banking in America, A History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN: 0674465741 [3] Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 [4] Ibid [5] Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 [6] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [7] Ibid [8] efmoody.com. 2005. IPO’s. http://www.efmoody.com/investments/ipos.html [9] Constantinides, George, Harris, Milton, Stulz, Rene. 2002. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance. ISBN: 0444513639 [10] Allen, Linda, Jagtiani, Julapa, Sauders, Anthony. The Role of Bank Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Supervision and Regulation. [11] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [12] Ibid [13] Ibid [14] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [15] Ibid

Liberal Bias of Journalism Essay -- Media News Bias Journalist Essays

Liberal Bias of Journalism "Dear Ann: I have a problem. I have two brothers. One brother is in television, the other was put to death in the electric chair for murder. My mother died from insanity when I was three years old. My sisters are prostitutes, and my father sells narcotics to high school students. Recently I met a girl who was just released from a reformatory where she served time for smothering her illegitimate child to death, and I want to marry her. My problem is—if I marry this girl, should I tell her about my brother who is in television?† (Goldberg 117) Bernard Goldberg’s book, Bias, reveals the truth of journalism, rather than its art. He pinpoints the inevitability and reasoning behind the majority of the media, the nation’s informant, slanting the news in a liberal direction. Clear examples and statistics highlight the condition; denied by the media moguls, already identified by the country. The problem with the media, as Goldberg points out, is the unintentionally manipulative liberal vernacular employed without fail by the leading news anchors. For instance, â€Å"right-wing† and â€Å"conservative† are commonplace vocabulary for introducing a politician, activist or public figure not liberally aligned. If balanced by labels like â€Å"left-wing† or â€Å"liberal†, this would not be an issue. However, even the far-left figures are viewed and portrayed as â€Å"middle of the road†. CBS News anchor Dan Rather labeled the New York Times editorial page the same way, despite the constant partiality to letters in favor of abortion, strict gun control and affirmative action; all clearly liberal standpoints. In reporting national issues, objectivity should be priority number one for the media. Instead, the stories ... ...y view the world. Given the duration of time over which this has occurred, the lens has morphed into a kaleidoscope, skewing objectivity with deceptive speech. To be fair, if conservatives controlled the networks as the liberals do, a conservative bent would be just as evident. Webster’s denotes what journalism should be: the style of writing characteristic of material in newspapers and magazines, consisting of direct presentation of facts or occurrences with little attempt at analysis or interpretation. The media connotes what journalism is: a presentation of the news, following its passage through a sieve of obstinate and influential liberal viewpoints, and removing the excess pulp of impartiality from the scene. Works Cited Goldberg, Bernard. Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2002.

Catcher in the Rye - Holden Caulfield as a Modern Day Odysseus Essay

Catcher in the Rye - Holden Caulfield as a Modern Day Odysseus Years ago, a man named Homer wrote The Odyssey. It told about King Odysseus of Ithaca's mystical and perilous adventure home after the Trojan War. An odyssey can simply be defined as an adventure. Holden Caulfield, the main character in Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, had an odyssey of his own. On his adventure in New York City, Holden encountered many tests and learning experiences. To begin with, was the encounter with Maurice and Sunny. On his return to the hotel from Ernie's, Holden met Maurice, the elevator operator. He asked Holden if he was, "Innarested in a little tail t'night?" (Salinger 152). Holden had been lonely all night, so he quickly and without thinking answered yes. He went back to his room to get ready. Here is Holden's first test. He is sixteen and he is about to lose his virginity to a prostitute. He greeted her at the door, and she questioned his age. They had a small conversation, and all of a sudden she just took off her dress. He told her...

Movers and Shakers in Education Essay

Trailblazers in American Education There have been several individuals throughout America’s history who have helped develop, shape, advance, balance, and reform education to what it is today. America’s educational system has a rich background from its roots of one room school houses to our current system of education which offers an array of opportunities for students to obtain a public education. John Dewey John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is known as the founder of the progressive education movement. He argued that it was the job of education to encourage individuals to develop their full potential as human beings. Dewey’s educational theories were presented in a variety of books he authored. Several continuous themes ring true in most of Dewey’s books. They include his frequent argument that education and learning are social and interactive processes, thus school should be considered a social institution where social reform can and ought to take place. In addition, he believed that students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum so all students should have the opportunity to take part in their own learning. He was especially critical of forms of memorization learning where repetition of facts and information was exercised. He argued that children should learn by experience. Rather than just gaining knowledge, Dewey believed that students should develop skills, habits and attitudes necessary for them to solve a wide variety of problems. Dewey’s legacy of the importance of experiential learning remains to this day. There are a number of schools across the United States that follow his theories and methods of teaching. [pic] Alvarez vs. The Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District. The history of school desegregation legislation in the United States did not begin with the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Brown vs. he Topeka school board, but rather in a rural community called Lemon Grove located in Southern California. It has recently been discovered that the earliest court cases concerning school desegregation occurred in the American Southwest in the 1930s. In these cases, Mexican immigrants and their communities were the targeted groups of segregation by school officials. A significant case during this era was the 1930 decision in Roberto Alvarez vs. the Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District. This was the first successful school desegregation court decision in the history of the United States. It represents an instance when community members took court action and won their case, despite negative sentiment towards them, to ensure the rights of their children to receive an equal education, making it an important event in both San Diego and U. S. history. The case stands as a credit to the activism of San Diego’s Mexican community who used the public system of justice to ensure that not only Mexican-American children in California, but the rest of the United States had access to a quality education (Alvarez, Jr. , 1984). [pic] Science and Math Education Movement With the launching of Sputnik in October 1957, Americans became extremely fearful that the United States was falling behind in the areas of technology, science, and mathematics. Citizens of the United States feared that their country could see a shortage of trained teachers, engineers, and highly educated students in the near future if something was not done. In response to public pressure, the federal government passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958. The act supported efforts of academic specialists to revise curriculum according to the latest theories and methods. Improvements were made in all subject areas and institutes were held to train teachers in the use of new materials and methods (Webb, Metha, ; Jordan, 2010). In addition to enhancing the curriculum, the NDEA also funded programs that provided guidance, counseling, and testing programs for students. According to authors Webb, Metha, ; Jordan, the NDEA set the stage for the federal government’s increased involvement in education (2010). [pic] Out of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1975 came the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990. These pieces of legislation were a result of the earlier Civil Rights Movement in Education during the 1960s where marginalized groups were fighting for justice and equality within the education system. The federal law, IDEA, was established in 1990. It applies to all children with disabilities from birth to age twenty-one. The statue defines â€Å"disabled children† as those with mental retardation, hearing impairments, emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, multiple disabilities, or specific learning disabilities. To receive services under the IDEA, a student must not only have a disability, but the condition also must affect the student’s education. The major principles included in the IDEA are: the right to a free and appropriate education, identification and nondiscriminatory evaluation, an individualized education program (IEP), least restrictive environment, and procedural due process (Webb, et al. , 2010). While the law has transformed and grown over the years, it remains evident in the classroom to this day. It has promoted research and technology development, details on transition programs for post high school students, and programs that educate children in their neighborhood schools instead of separate schools.

Case Study: Rule Utilitarianism or Act Utilitarianism? Essay

This paper examines the procedure that were followed that it is a common sight to see on the street, children and sometimes old, physically handicapped, beggars and sickly people begging for food and some money. It critically examines these procedures in the moral dilemma with reference of applying the concepts: rule and act utilitarianism. Should we give these beggars money or not? In deciding whether we give or not, the answer for that is we should give. Why? Act utilitarianism basically states that an action is moral if it produces the greatest happiness for the most people. This reason alone the act of giving them would be a good idea, because it would benefit the most amount of people. At a first glance in the problem, by just wishing them to just go away, ignoring and disappear from our sight is directly immoral. You’re giving them pain despite the rule of greatest happiness and pleasure – utilitarianism. However in the contrary it is really right that by giving it encourages them to become lazy and to be dependent on us, but what we are looking here is our act how we respond to them. That is our focal point giving them or not giving them by the prospect of utilitarianism in which we should act in such way that our actions produce the greatest happiness or pleasure. Whatever will be the consequences on how they used the money were out of that. If we reflect off of the act utilitarianism it is all about happiness the pleasure that is produced by the action. If we don’t give them even the smallest amount of money, we feel guilty and there is no pleasure. Here is that we will be viewed and judged as being moral through our actions. With this case, it was stated that is it not true that these people need the money more than we do, right here and right now? The truth is it is really true that they need the money more than we do because why would they be asking money if they didn’t need it? And see? The effect of giving them is pleasure. In terms of my own feelings, using the act utilitarianism is the better option with regards to the problem of this case than rule utilitarianism. Focusing on how we act, what are our actions, and especially the importance of the act of giving. In rule utilitarianism, we all have different rules on what we do. For example, the rules that govern my action are really not to give them money because of believing that it encourages them to be lazy and dependent. For me, it is a pleasure. But let’s try to think about others? The majority? Where is now the happiness for the most amount of people? That’s why act utilitarianism for me is the better option. It enables me to provide a strong foundation in this problem. Finally, no matter what really is the right concept here in this particular dilemma, all things that work for good are morally right.

Explain Each of the Terms Essay

Explain Each of the Terms: Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Explain each of the terms speech, language, communication, speech, language and communication needs. EYMP5 (1. 1) The dictionary explanation of speech is â€Å"The expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds† or â€Å"A person’s style of speaking† To speak is to physically be able to produce the individual sounds and sound patterns of our language, or articulate, to be able to produce speech with appropriate rhythm, and free of stuttering behaviour, and to produce speech with an appropriate vocal quality for age and sex. While speech involves the physical motor ability to talk, language is a symbolic, rule governed system used to convey a message. In English, the symbols can be words, either spoken or written. We also have gestural symbols, like shrugging our shoulders to indicate â€Å"I don’t know† or waving to indicate â€Å"Bye Bye† or the raising of our eye brows to show that we are surprised by something. Language can be defined as being made up of socially shared rules that include the following: †¢What words mean (e. g. , â€Å"star† can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity) †¢How to make new words (e. g. , friend, friendly, unfriendly) †¢How to put words together (e. g. , â€Å"Peg walked to the new store† rather than â€Å"Peg walk store new†) What word combinations are best in what situations (â€Å"Would you mind moving your foot? could quickly change to â€Å"Get off my foot, please! † if the first request did not produce results) You can have language without having speech. Though speech and language are related, you do not have to have speech to have a language. How? The best example of this is the use of Sign Language. Communication is the process of conveying a message or meaning to establish a shared understanding to others. You don’t need speech or a shared language to communicate. How? Let’s say you decide on a trip to Rome, but you don’t speak one word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you want to pick up your†¦ [continues]

Negotiating a Salary Increase

Many factors outside of the employees control determine salary increases. Many reputable companies give employees handbooks that vaguely outline pay increases. In an uncertain economy, salary negotiations require preparation and keeping accurate records on the employee’s part. The key to successful salary increase is to convince the employer that the company cannot afford to do without the services the person who is asking for a pay raise is providing. Remember the person is always replaceable. The services that person provides should not be easily replaceable. The negotiation for a salary increase starts the first day the person starts working the company. Every employee should bring at least one unique contribution to the company that he or she works for. The strategy of these contributions should never be discussed with anyone. Unique contributions always stand out. No one can hide an excellent sales person or customer service representative at any level. Employees who have unique marketable skills cannot be easily copied. Having skills that are an asset to the company eliminates the human resources viable reasons for not giving the employee the salary increase. Appearance plays a big psychological part in negotiating salary increases. Upper management companies always expect their staff to dress professionally. In entry level positions, the employee’s salary can be determined by dressing better then what is expected. If uniforms are required, dressing up will take a little creativity. Ladies can wear extra jewelry. Gentlemen can go through the extra expense of having their uniforms dry cleaned. In business type atmospheres, manicures for both men and women to psychologically give the impression they are valuable to the company.   On the day of salary negotiations and evaluations, dressing better then usual is psychologically effective. Have an exclusive shoe wardrobe. When it gets to salary negotiations, never volunteer your salary requirements (Goodman 2002). When filling out the job application or submitting a resume, the applicant should never list an amount for salary. On the day of salary negotiations, the human resources know what the employee will accept. Salaries are dependent upon the employees past work history. This is all verifiable by social security numbers. It is to the employee’s advantage to do a background check to verify the information in their records is accurate. If the information the applicant is putting in writing conflicts with what is in the databases, he or she will never be told. Even if the information comes out to be inaccurate, the management already formed a permanent opinion. Be selective about the company. The financial investors and presidents are uncertain about the future financial status of the company. Do some research to determine what others are earning (Lloyd, no date given). Doing research will be well worth the time when negotiating salaries. Psychologically, an employee feels much more confident when the day comes to negotiate salaries if they feel they are prepared.   The employee should keep an accurate, detailed list of all the accomplishments that was valuable to the company. Remember that salary negotiations start way before the day the arrangements are made. Keep a professional, formal relationship with the management and co-workers. It is a good policy to never have conversations that includes anyone who is not present. The most successful negotiators will feel a lot more confident if they have a plan to compete with the organization or business if turned down for deserved pay raises. Works Cited: Goodman, P. â€Å"Landing a Plump Package in Tough Times† Business Week, com 4 Feb 2002 Lloyd, J â€Å"How to Negotiate the Salary You Deserve† Labour Protect.com No date given               

Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report Essay Example for Free

Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report Essay Inheritance is the process of creating new classes from the existing class or classes. In  C++  and  C,  classes  can be defined as deriving from a  base class. A  derived class  inherits all of the ancestors protected and public  methods  and data  members. With inheritance if a method is made virtual in the base class then the derived class can override it with different behaviour. This makes possible  polymorphism. Types of classes: Definition:  In  C++  and  C#  OOP, a derived  class  is any class that  inherits  from any other derived class or  base class. Definition:  In  C++  and  C#  OOP, the base  class  is the highest class and does not  inherit  from any other class. Other classes can inherit from a base class. They are called  derived  classes. Forms of Inheritance: Single Inheritance: If a class is derived from a single base class, it is called as single inheritance. Multiple Inheritance: If a class is derived from more than one base class, it is known as multiple inheritance Multilevel Inheritance: The classes can also be derived from the classes that are already derived. This type of inheritance is called multilevel inheritance. Hierarchical Inheritance: If a number of classes are derived from a single base class, it is called as hierarchical inheritance Definition of class:When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This doesn’t actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object. Classes ;amp; Objects in Detail Class member functions: A member function of a class is a function that has its definition or its prototype within the class definition like any other variable. Class access modifiers: A class member can be defined as public, private or protected. By default members would be assumed as private Constructor ;amp; destructor: A class constructor is a special function in a class that is called when a new object of the class is created. A destructor is also a special function which is called when created object is deleted. | | | C++ copy constructor: The copy constructor is a constructor which creates an object by initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created previously A  friend   function is permitted full access to private and protected members of a class. | C++ inline functions| With an inline function, the compiler tries to expand the code in the body of the function in place of a call to the function. | The this pointer in C++| Every object has a special pointer  this  which points to the object itself. | Pointer to C++ classes| A pointer to a class is done exactly the same way a pointer to a structure is. In fact a class is really just a structure with functions in it. | Static members of a class| Both data members and function members of a class can be declared as static. ENCAPSULATION Definition:  In  Object Oriented Programming,  encapsulation is an attribute of  object  design. It means that all of the object’s data is contained and hidden in the object and access to it restricted to members of that class. C Programming| C++ Programming| C follows the procedural programming paradigm| C++ is a multi-paradigm langua ge(procedural as well as object oriented)| In C language focus on procedure and steps. | C++ focuses on the data rather than the process| In C data hiding and data security is not possible. Data hiding and data security is present. | C uses Top-Down approch| C++ uses Bottom-Up approach| C is a function driven programming language| C++ is a object driven programming language| C does not support overloading concept| C++ supports overloading concepts like operator overloading and function overloading| C does not support namespaces concept| CPP supports Namespaces concept. | C not support exception handling| C++ supports Exception Handling| C is structured programming language| C++ is object oriented programming language. C does not support inheritance, reusability, polymorphism, data abstraction| CPP supports inheritance, reusability, polymorphism, data abstraction. | C language only support Early binding| CPP supports both Early and Late binding| C uses standard input, output functions like scanf and printf. | C++ uses input fu nction cin and output function is cout. | There are all data is available to end user. No data security| There is data abstraction. Not complete data is available to End user| Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report. (2018, Nov 01).

A research that works on the education system to develop it as much as Paper

A that works on the education system to develop it as much as possible - Research Paper Example 1).† Researchers assert that the implication of the use of technology in moderating education by applying heuristics evaluation of mobile services in Saudi Arabia merit further investigation. 2. Gogu, E., Muresan, M., & Turdean, M. (2012). Academic Excellence through Research and Development of Higher Education Institutions at Domestic and International Level, Romanian Statistical Review Supplement, Romanian Statistical Review, vol. 60(2), pages 135-140. Saudi Arabia have made a priority to establish world-class universities for academic excellence like Aisan countries. Saudi King Abdullah has allocated $ 10 billion for the new Science and Technology University like how U.S., China, European Union and Japan invested much on technology to improve education. 3. Hepbasli, A.& Alsuhaibani, Z. (2011). A key review on present status and future directions of solar energy studies and applications in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 5021-5050. The study on renewable energy in Saudi Arabia is relevant in exploiting renewable solar energy. Technology has been utilized to understand the development of solar-powered hydrogen-generation plant and in evaluating available sustainable energy for energy policy formulation. It included review of â€Å"solar radiation correlations, exergetic solar radiation, solar collectors, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar stills, solar-powered irrigation, solar energy-related greenhouses, solar hydrogen, solar water desalination and solar energy education (p. 1)† The use of technology therefore is more apt in understanding the complexity of realities that are being subjected for classroom interaction and researchers. 4. Al-Zoubi, S., Al-Faqeeh, M. & Rahman, M.B. E. (2013). An Evaluation of Special Education Program in Saudi Universities According To National Standards,"

Risk and return, portfolio diversification and the Capital Asset Essay

Risk and return, portfolio diversification and the Capital Asset Pricing Model; The cost of equity (Starbucks Co.) - Essay Example (Valuebasedmanagement.net, 2011) This paper will therefore provide computation and will also discuss the cost of equity of Starbucks besides computing the cost of equity for Nestle and McDonalds to make a comparison. Further, cost of equity will also be calculated by using dividend discount model as well as arbitrage pricing theory. The above calculations show that the overall cost of equity for Starbucks is 11.82% based on the data provided. This value is higher than the cost of equity of an average firm on the S&P 500 index thus indicating that the overall risk profile of Starbucks may be higher than an average firm. It may be due to the fact that the investors, considering the dynamics of the industry and particular performance of the firm in the industry, may not be willing to put their bets on Starbucks. The cost of equity should have been lower than an average firm on the S&P considering the overall market strength of Starbucks and brand power. The above comparison between McDonalds, Nestle as well as Starbucks shows that the return on equity for other two firms is lower as compared to Starbucks. The lower cost of equity of these firms suggests that these firms have relatively stable risk profile due to their stronger financial performance as well as fundamentals. What is also important to note that these firms are diversified in nature whereas Starbucks is only relatively focused on the sale of coffee only? It is therefore of no surprise that the cost of equity of such firms is relatively lower than Starbucks Dividend discount model is another important model to find out the fair values of the stock based on the dividends. (Investopedia.com, 2011 ). This model considers dividends as the future cash flows to be received and accordingly the price of the stock is calculated by using following formula: Thus the expected rate of return is obtained by considering a linear combination of different macroeconomic factors combined with

Financial Reporting on Enron Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Financial Reporting on Enron - Case Study Example But as the time passed by the firm's business mix shifted from the regulated transportation of natural gas to unregulated energy trading markets. Since in the energy trading more money could be made in buying and selling financial contracts linked to the value of energy assets than in actual ownership of physical assets. Because of its business nature Enron's reported annual revenues grew from under $10 billion in the early 1990s to $101 billion in 2000, ranking it seventh on the Fortune 500 (Benston 2002). First, briefly it is important to know what happened which led to the ultimate bankruptcy and collapse. Enron was in the business of energy trading and distribution. It all started with Jeffery Skilling who replaced Kenneth Lay as CEO quitted from his position and Kenneth Lay became the CEO again. Another event of importance was the role of Enron's Chief Financial Officer, Andrew S. Fastow; he was responsible for handling all the off shore partnerships for the company; his actions led to hiding of around a billion dollar debt through these off shore drilling partnership businesses. This was one of the bases which led to the collapse of Enron when it was disclosed. And the admission was made regarding overstatement of profitability of Enron by hiding some of the debt; when the matter was disclosed Enron's share price came slashing down and the company lost its credibility in the financial markets. No one was ready to forward any loan so that the company can come out of the ditch of b ankruptcy. The collapse of Enron badly effected the retirement savings of the employees as these were linked to the stock prices which plummeted badly hence, effecting the employees' savings. An important thing to point out is that the accountants, Arthur Anderson did not indicate at any moment the worsening financial situation of the company. Thus, in the end the accountants, Anderson and the Enron shredded the company documents that reflected the audit reports and employees that were against this were fired (Beams 2002). What do we identify after Enron's implosion that we did not identify before it The conventional perception is that the Enron debacle exposes basic flaw in our current system of corporate governance. Conceivably, this is so, but where is the flaw located Beneath what conditions will critical systems fall short Chief debacles of historical dimensions (and Enron is certainly that) tend to produce a surplus of explanations. In Enron's case, the firm's strange breakdown is becoming an effective Rorschach test in which every commentator can observe evidence verifying that what he or she previously believed. However, the problem with viewing Enron as a sign of any methodical governance collapse is that its nucleus facts are maddeningly only one of its kinds. Most obviously, Enron's governance structure was sui generis. Other public corporations just have not certified their chief financial officer to run a self-governing entity that enters into billions of dollars of risky and unpredictable trading transactions with them; nor have they permitted their senior officials to profit from such self-dealing transactions with no wide direction or even understanding of the profits involved. Neither have

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

E-Business - Essay Example sales, which totaled at an estimated $19.8 billion for the quarter, account for 2.2 percent of total retail sales in the country, according to the report.† (Eschen, 2005) E-commerce is one of the fastest growing business segments in the world both in quantity and quality. It is easy to setup an E-business with minimum investment and labor if the entrepreneur is smart enough to identify the right opportunity provided by internet. Online business has much wider scopes than offline businesses because of the wider reach-ability of it. It is easy for a person to purchase a good from America staying in some other countries using a simple credit card. Moreover the consumer can compare the prices of the same product in various countries and thus he will able to purchase a product for the cheapest possible price. Amazon.com, Inc..., an American electronic commerce company is one of the leaders in the e-commerce business field with diversified business activities and successful marketing strategies. This paper briefly analyses E-commerce as a business strategy taking Amazon as a reference organization. Amazon.com Inc, one of the leaders in E-business, founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 has started with the online book selling and then expanded to diversified activities like the selling of CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and house wares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets film production etc. â€Å"Currently it employs more than 7800 employees and as per the statistics of 2002, it has reported $ 3.9 billion sales† (Amazon.com, Inc, n.d) The company did not focus on profits for the initial five years and spend much of its revenues in expansions in the initial years. This business strategy brought immense dividends to the company as per the recent statistics. Amazon has realized the potential of e-business very well and they focused on expanding the business by the initial revenues they obtained. The success of e-business lies in how long a customer

Analysis of Beyonce's music video Run the World Essay

Analysis of Beyonce's music video Run the World - Essay Example From the structural lines that comprises the song, it is true that most of the women according to Beyonce are infringed and are not empowered hence the purpose of the song- to empower the woman in the society such that they are not regarded as second class citizens in the society setting. Formalist Analyses of the Song Beyonce song can be subjected to formalist analyses where there are critical approaches that are used for the purposes of analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of the features inherent to the song. Several features are thus considered in the formalist analyses of the song, which not only includes grammar and syntax but also extends to encompass the use of literal devices as tropes and meter. In the ‘Run the World’ song by Beyonce, there has been little attention given to the grammar part of English presumably because some of the words and language used are a cliche with acquired meaning from English that will make it possible for the audience to constru e that meaning of the song without making them lose connectivity with the song. There are also uses of syntaxes where there are unique language arrangements (Altman 9). The composers of the song must have based the message delivery on how the words are arranged. The song has also used quite a number of literal devices to enhance message delivery and to bring the aesthetic value into the song. In this regard, several of such literal devices such as tropes, meter, symbolism, and simile have been used in the song to enhance the development of the song’s plot. Given the title of the song, it had to use those several literal devices in order to deliver the message most appropriately given that it is about appealing and agitating for... This "Analysis of Beyonce's music video "Run the World"" essay outlines this music video from different points of view. This song can be subjected to formalist analyses where there are critical approaches that are used for the purposes of analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of the features inherent to the song. Several features are thus considered in the formalist analyses of the song, which not only includes grammar and syntax but also extends to encompass the use of literal devices as tropes and meter. In the ‘Run the World’ song by Beyonce, there has been little attention given to the grammar part of English presumably because some of the words and language used are a clichà © with acquired meaning from English that will make it possible for the audience to construe that meaning of the song without making them lose connectivity with the song. There are also uses of syntaxes where there are unique language arrangements (Altman 9). The composers of the song must h ave based the message delivery on how the words are arranged. The song has aused quite a number of literal devices to enhance message delivery and to bring the aesthetic value into the song. Several of such literal devices such as tropes, meter, symbolism, and simile have been used in the song to enhance the development of the song’s plot. Given the title of the song, it had to use those several literal devices in order to deliver the message most appropriately given that it is about appealing and agitating for empowerment of the women in the society (Zoonen 2).

Assignment Week Two Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment Week Two - Term Paper Example arch is being carried out in different parts of the world, thus no one can claim that he is not a learner or he knows everything on any specific topic. Yes, one who evolved any principle theory on any subject and the theory is recognized scientifically worldwide, he can only claim to be the owner of that particular idea until and unless his idea / theory is challenged , changed, rejected or improved. If this is done that once again that individuals becomes a learner on the topic. The next idea that I liked a lot is the idea of five disciplines discussed in the â€Å"Training Guide† because I had been involved in training people and had been imparting training on various topics frequently. Since, personal mastery involves a huge exposure on the topic therefore, it helps out the trainer to share his knowledge and experience, and also enables him to reply each and every question satisfactorily quoting examples from what he practically dealt with. While involving participants in two way talks, we ultimately share a lot of knowledge and personal experience of each other and thereby understand counter productivity. The shared vision certainly brings a lot of new ideas for every one especially for the leader and enables him to satisfy his topic of lecture more satisfactorily. I similarly do agree with the third discipline ‘Mental Model’. During all trainings, I myself frequently adapted this discipline and obtained a lot of new ideas to make the topic of lecture more satisfying and more useful. Every participant, who had some experience on the topic and could share his own mental model, was also making contribution that added to the knowledge base. This is important discipline and I always used it extensively. Team learning and system thinking are also deeply experienced in all training sessions. I always have taken opportunity of team learning by making two separate teams of equal participants and thereafter presenting ideas of each team to summaries the topic

Thank you letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thank you letter - Essay Example I am quite hesitant in writing this letter, but the urge of admission within me is pushing me ahead to explain my position. I'd like to emphasize here that I've always earned top scores in Mathematics including calculus I, II, III and pre calculus and algebra. I was able to secure an 'A' all through. Similarly English has also been one of my strengths. But, during the test of reading comprehension and quantitative reasoning there was something which prevented me from concentrating well on the subject. I was given two black markers from the testing center. By mistake, I left these markers open during the test and by the end of the second section these markers dried out. When I called for help couple of times, the testing instructor went out of sight for durations ranging from couple of minutes to about ten minutes. As time progressed, I became little tense as there was time constraint for the test, so I had to hurry up, which in all probability appears to have influenced my test score . You can ascertain the fact, if you could take a look at my past grade on those two subjects. So I'll be grateful to your goodself, if you could take a look at my individual score rather than the entire DAT test score. I am willing to sit for a retake DAT as soon as possible to prove my point.

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay A View From The Bridge’ is a play that was first staged in 1955. It was written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1915, whose grandparents had come to America from Poland. When the family business failed, they moved to Brooklyn, where A View from the Bridge is set. There, Miller worked in a warehouse to earn money for his university fees. He began to write plays when he was in university and continued to write them after he graduated and became a journalist. In the play, loyalty dictates the events very strongly as because of Eddies mixed emotions for Catharine he chooses to be more loyal to her than to all of his family. Miller shows the importance of loyalty through Eddie telling Catharine the ‘Vinnie Bolzano’ story. Catharine’s reaction shows the audience that in Italy, family loyalty is the most important thing as Catharine is both shocked and horrified that Vinnie snitched on his own Uncle this is why she shockingly says ‘The kid snitched? Miller uses this as an opportunity to tell the audience that the Italian American community is very loyal, which makes Eddie’s betrayal even more shocking. Because Vinnie snitched on his Uncle he could never show his face in public because every one despised and loathed him this is why Beatrice says ‘I never seen him again’. This also shows that the Italian American Community has a very ‘if you snitch on one of us, you snitch on all of us’ mentality. Another way that Arthur Miller portrays the importance of loyalty in the play is the references Eddie uses to Catharine’s Mother. this quote shows that Eddie tries to use the promise he made to Catharine’s Mother as an excuse for being so strict and this is why he says ‘I promised your Mother on her death bed’. This is why he doesn’t want her working in the dodgy part of town; where as it is because of the emotions he feels toward Catharine and he doesn’t want her to have another male figure in her life who could be more important than he is. One of the most important scenes in the play is the ‘Phone Call’ scene which shows Eddie changing his loyalties from his family and friends, to just Catharine. ‘Give me the number for the immigration bureau’ this shows Eddie doing what Vinnie Bolzano didand snitching on Marco and Rodolpho, he does this because of the mixed and confusing emotions he feels for Catharine. Miller also uses stage  directions in the scene such as ‘A phone booth begins to glow on the opposite side of the stage; a faint, lonely blue’ I think that Miller uses the Lighting on the phone booth to show the audience the conflict going on in Eddie’s head; to loose every thing (his family and friends friendship, love, trust and loyalty) but keep Catharine for himself When the immigration officers arrive at the house, Eddie looses the respect and loyalty from his family. Beatrice realizes what Eddie has done when she says‘My God, what did you do? ’. She is completely shocked and horrified as Eddie was a loyal and family orientated man. Miller uses this quote to show the audience that Beatrice is astounded and aghast that Eddie has chosen Catherine over her, even though she is his wife. Marco is furious with the fact that Eddie has just ruined any chance of him getting an American citizenship, this now means that Marco wouldn’t be able to get a well paid job and support his family back in Italy. This is why he says ‘That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children’ this is because although Eddie hasn’t directly murdered Marco’s family, his actions will lead to Marco getting deported and he wouldn’t be able to give his family money to buy food and they would consequently die. The audience would be shocked by what he is saying as he is insulting Eddie who Miller has made out to be the confused character who although he is doing something terrible he thinks that he is doing it for the right reasons, and the audience would therefore feel sorry for him. Miller uses the loyalty theme to show the weakness of men, Eddie betrays his family and community because of the mixed emotions he feels for Catharine.

The Economics Of International Business Economics Essay

The Economics Of International Business Economics Essay Myanmar was formerly known as Burma located in Southeast Asia Country. The country has been under military rule for 49 years since 1962 to 2011. It situated between India, Thailand, and China. Even though country located its strategic location, but Myanmar still is the poorest countries in Asia because with almost a third of its population estimated to be living in poverty (U.S State Department, 2012). In 1989, the authorities Burmese officially changed the country name from Burma to Myanmar. But in 2010, the Myanmar country became the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. After Myanmar independence from Britain, the country became one of a member in many international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) (U.S State Department, 2012). As a leading multinational nutrition Nestlà © Company, before starting business in Myanmar, there are five elements should understanding their: a) Political Economy b) Economy Systems c) Legal System d) Culture e) Religion Political Economy Myanmar is a sovereign country and also is a specialist country which had different political compared to other country. Myanmar is a religious country because majority is Buddhism. However, the political system of Myanmar is different from other country. The political system of Myanmar can be dividing into three stages in the timeline from independence to the current. According to the timeline provided by BBC News Asia-Pacific (2012), Myanmar was independence at 1948 from Britain. During that time, the political of Myanmar is more toward to the democratic. Normally, they had general election on their country and the party who was wined in the general election will automatically practice the government and the leader will become the prime minister of the country. However, the practice of democratic political system did not last for a long time. According the timeline provided by BBC News Asia-Pacific (2012), the democratic political system only practice until 1962. During year 1962, Myanmar starts turn their political system from democratic to the military or totalitarianism. The first person who practices the military political system is Gen Ne Win and he abolishes the federal system and form the socialist or totalitarianism country. He had officially launched The Burmese Way to Socialism in 1962, which is meant the nationalizing the economy, that is, resources owned by government and only government have the power to govern the country in Myanmar. The socialism of the Myanmar had been continues for more than 48 years. During the socialism, Myanmar had become a sovereign and military country. The economy of the Myanmar is worst and only had limited range for economy to grow. The main reason of Myanmars economy became worst is Myanmar switched the political system from socialism to the right-wing totalitarianism. After the military take over the country, Myanmar is started slow down their economy even turn the economy back to last economy section with the slow grow. Myanmar decrease their trade with others country and started limit the economy activities in the country. Besides that, the governments also try to take over the economy activities and control all the trade so that there is limited freedom for their citizen or business. In addition, according to the report from Asia Report N °231(2012), Myanmar is related to the country that has similar political system and economy system, such as China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Myan mar is strongly related to those countries because they believed that work together with the countries that have similar political system and economic system will obtain more benefits. For this reason, the businessman from these three countries is very easy to start their business in Myanmar and will force less trouble during the business activity. However, not all of the business activity can be done in their country. The main reason is not because of the military or totalitarianism political system but is the religion. This is because the citizens in Myanmar, either army or politician are very respect to the Buddhism. Therefore, there are some business activity which is opposite the Buddhisms rule is not allowed to run in Myanmar. Furthermore, due to the strong religion faith, Myanmar trading with the others country decreased and more toward to self-economy system which is only produce enough goods for self country. Although Myanmar is rich in natural resources, but they did not u se their natural resources for international trade in order to boost-up their economy. During these few years, Myanmar is started changing their political system because they believed the military or totalitarianism does not provide benefits and human right for them. Besides that, the military political policy also make Myanmar became the poorest country in the world and unable to keep up with the development of its neighborhoods country like Thailand and Vietnam that is now developing faster and becoming very rich. In order to develop the country from poor to rich, Myanmar started regulates the democratic policy on year 2010 (BBC News Asia-Pacific, 2012). Myanmar try to convert their government from military to the civilian government because they believed the citizen play an important roles in the help of develop their country. After the democratic policy is regulated, Myanmar quickly organizes a general election in the country. According to the BBC News Asia-Pacific (2012), the Union and Development Party (USDP) won the election and the junta had said the election i s the process of transition from military rule to a civilian democracy. After the election, Aung San Suu Kyi who is taking part for forming the democracy government is been released from house arrest after a long time arrested by military government. The released of Aung San Suu Kyi can be determined as Myanmar start moved toward to human right country and can protect businessman when they are do their business activity in the country and had more chances for international trade done at Myanmar. The democracy political system is giving many benefits to Myanmar. The first of the benefits is the chair of ASEAN in 2014. According to Nehru and Endowment (2012), ASEAN sent a message to Myanmar, said Myanmar need to focus more on human rights and democracy in order to chair ASEAN in 2014. If Myanmar successful becomes a chair ASEAN, there will have many benefits for them. The first benefit is they can do their trade with others ASEAN country easily and organizing activities events at Myanmar and more people will know more about Myanmar. The second benefit is ASEAN is a free agent for advertisement because after joining the ASEAN, Myanmar wills easily attract the potential investor to invest their business to its country. Although Myanmar open more chances for other country for doing business in their country, there are still not enough to prove that Myanmar is a good place for doing the business. This is because Myanmar still had the limited on doing business in their country and the policy for protect the investment and business is still very weak and some is not really useful. Myanmar still does not had a good policy for the business section and some rules for the business is very tight and make the business less potential for development. Besides that, not all area of Myanmar is acceptable to the current government and immigrants citizen, some of the area still had the fight with the government so the safety of that area is negative. Furthermore, the costs of implementation the factory in Myanmar is very high because need pay more (bribe) Da loong u mean bribe? to the federal government and local government. Besides the costs, the process for getting approved of doing business in Myanmar is taking long time, so this will affect the profit and effectiveness of the company. According to the Asia Report N °231(2012), Myanmars political transition and economic reconstruction is interrelated. Asia Report N °231 (2012) also mentioned that there is hard for imagine a successful political transition unless the government ensure the economic stability and improvement of the development of the country and needed of the citizen. So, Myanmar is a very challenging country if start a business in the country although Myanmar had a rich on natural resources. When Myanmar compared to the United States, both country had different political system at the beginning but similar in these few year. Both of the country is democratic country whereas U.S. is stronger than Myanmar and more stable in the political situation when compare to Myanmar which is new to democratic. In economic system, United States is more effectiveness and better then Myanmar. This is because U.S. government had provided a lot of policy or art for the trade or business activity such as Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and others (Feinberg, 2003). For Myanmar, they only have few acts or policy to protect the trade and the business activity, so its risky and costly to invest the factory or business in Myanmar. However, there is a particular thing that the Myanmar had more advantages than United States, thats Myanmars resources rich than U.S, so when implement the factory in Myanmar, the cost f or the material will be cheaper and easily to get compared to United States. Therefore, there are had risk when implement business in Myanmar by the view of political economy. Economy Systems According to McEachern, there will have three key questions when come to economy: 1) what goods and services are to be produced? 2) How are they to be produced? 3) For whom are they to be produced? Economy systems can explain as the way that one country used to answer this three key questions. Every country in the world will under at least one type of economic systems. For this reason, to expand our business to Myanmar we must first know what economy system Myanmar under. The three basis types of economic systems that generally recognize by the economists are market economy, command economy and mixed economy (Hill, 2012). Now, lets discuss them one by one before we look at economy system of Myanmar. Traditional economy system In addition, there was an old economic system known as traditional economy system, society that under this system answers the three key questions according to their ancestors act, customs, rituals, beliefs and rituals. (Mxcastro, 2010) In short, they copy the ways that did by their previous generations. Traditional economy system was used in the past but now still will exist in the countries that are farm-based or rural. For an example, Native people of Brazils rain forest, the crops they planted, way to harvested, and the goods distributed to who were decided by their past generation and remains unchanged (Tucker, 2010). Therefore, this system decreased the rate of disputes among members but its restricted individual initiative, so will unable to produce advanced goods, new technology and then slow down the economic growth. So then, expand our business to the country that under traditional economy system is not recommended because a countrys practice may differ greatly from a countr y. Market Economy Furthermore, market economy is a system that allowed an individual to make decision of economic. In market economies, interaction of the force of supply and demand determines the prices and the prices are used to answers the 3 key questions. That is, what to produce is based on the popular trend and profitable, the producers will produce a product more when the demand for a product exceeds supply because the price of a product will rise and result in higher profit. The question of how to produce is depend on the producers choices, if the price and demand for a product is high, producers may use machine to produce in order to save the labor cost because machine can produce more in lower costs. The question of for whom they produce is based on the need or wants of the buyers and the price the buyers willing to accept. In addition, under pure market economies, intervention of government is absent. A pure market economy is also referred to as pure capitalism because both of the systems a re market answers the three key questions. Moreover, in pure market economy, mean of production is owned by private, buyers and sellers can make decision or choices as well as free trade for their deals. Also, according to Adam Smith, a countrys resources can be use efficiently and have better economic performance under market economy because its provided incentive for each individual to pursue his or her self-interest, known as invisible hand. However, pure economy system has some flaws such as people would suffer if without resources, stronger producers may eliminate the competition to monopolize the markets and people no incentive to produce public goods. Command Economy In command economy system, the three key questions are not answered by market force but government or people with central authority. In more specific, production, distribution, prices and others decision is controlled and regulated by government. In addition, state that under pure command economy owned all the business, there is no private ownership. Also, pure command economy emphasizes on collective goals more than individual goals, so sometime called communism or socialism. Furthermore, pure command economy also has some flaws such as resources do not use efficiently or wasted, absent from cost control, unable to meet the needs or wants of consumer because these resources owned by state, so people have no incentive to do so. Mixed Economy In mixed economy system, both market and government answers the three key questions, so this system involved both capitalism and communism. Government regulated only some of the markets in mixed economy system and resources in this system are owned by private ownership and public ownership. In addition, government normally take over the things is important to nation in this system such as provide national defense, birth cert recording, highway construction. Most of the people in the world will agree or accept these things to control by government. Also, government may take over the private firm that is failing if the private firm considered important to nations economic, for example, firm that have many employees, the government will take over the firm in order to prevent the increase of unemployment rate. Thus, mixed economy system provides the advantages of freedom without the need of government to give up its power. Myanmar Economy Systems Since year 1988, Myanmar has adopted the market-oriented economic (Aung, nd) with little government regulations which has replaced the centrally planned economy command economy. So that, the three key questions is answers by market force and each individual can make the economic decision. After adopted the market economy, the initial step that Myanmar takes is promoting and develops the private sector. Now in Myanmar, private activity has about 75%, mainly in light industry and agriculture and has about 25% of activity controlled by state, mainly in foreign trade, heavy industry and energy (WebWhacker, nd). Since Myanmar has adopted the market economy system which allows individuals to make economic decisions, so expand our business to Myanmar may be considered because as a multinational company, we has a lot of experiences of making economic decisions in many different country. Furthermore, foreign direct investment is allowed after Myanmar adopts the market economy system and the Union of Myanmar foreign investment law allows foreigner to fully owned company at there or can be joint venture with a state-owned enterprise, a private company or any Myanmar people, (DPS, 2006) so that we can easily set up our business at there. Moreover, in order to be line with the market economy, private individuals or enterprises are permitted by Ministry of Commerce to implement import and export business which was monopolized by the state in the past. (Aung, nd) For this reason, we can produce our goods at Myanmar with lower costs and export our goods to others country with higher prices. Also, others reason to expand business to Myanmar such as enough of labor force and low labor costs. Economic Condition Myanmar v United State United State Unit Myanmar Unit GDP (purchasing power parity) 15290.00 Billion USD 83.74 Billion USD GDP real growth rate 1.7 Percent 5.5 Percent GDP per capital (PPP) 49,000 US dollar 1,300 US dollar Labor Force 153.6 Million 32.53 Million Unemployment rate 9 Percent 5.5 Percent Exports 1497.00 Billion USD 8.21 Billion USD Imports 2,236 Billion USD 5.98 Billion USD Population 313.847465 Million 54.58465 Million Inflation rate 1.7 Percent 5.8 Percent Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/rank.html http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/indicators Legal System In the past, Myanmar was reported having the worlds worst legal system for doing business. According to The Economics Time (2012), a British risk analysis group, Myanmar was offering the least legal protection for foreign companies. But during the recent reforms of Myanmar, new laws are enacted, and the legal practices are changing rapidly. Technical assistance and training which include investment and finance law reform, foreign exchange controls, and the simplification of trading are giving a hand for Myanmar to improve the legal system. The first legal act for foreigners investing in Myanmar are two types of foreign investment defined: 1) a sole proprietorship wholly owned by a foreign investor supplying 100% foreign capital, and 2) a joint venture in the form of either a partnership or limited company, in which the foreign capital invested must be a minimum of 35% of the total equity capital (Chandler Thong, 2012). Foreigners who interested to invest in Myanmar are required to invest through a local incorporate company which shareholders and directors are controlled by them, not through the use of local nominees. The invested company will be blacklisted if the Foreign Investment Law is not accorded. Besides that, foreigners are forbidden to buy land in Myanmar. The second are the relaxations of international sanctions. Investment in Myanmar was restricted by sanctions implemented by the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Canada and Australia since year 1997. CITATION? In 2012, the sanctions are relaxed. CITATION? United States has authorizes the new investment in Myanmar, but subjected to certain requirements and limitations; United Kingdom has suspend the restrictions of some key industries and assets freeze on approximately 500 people; CITATION? European Union has lifted all the sanctions except the arms and equipment embargo; Canada has allows import, export, investment and financial transactions to Myanmar; and Australia has remove the travel bans on Myanmar citizens but weapon trading is still prohibited. Furthermore, general laws of doing business in Myanmar. The general business law of Myanmar must be complied by the foreign investors and also domestic investors. First is the Myanmar Companies Act (1914). CITATION? A Myanmar investor who wants to build a business through a limited company may register under this act, but foreign shareholder and foreign director is prohibited. Meanwhile, a foreign investor who wants to build a business in Myanmar through a locally incorporated limited company may register under the Myanmar Companies Act too, but the company must be incorporated under the Special Companies Act (1950) CITATION? and be approved by the Foreign Investment Law. In addition, Special Companies Act (1950) is an act that governs all companies in equity share capital. CITATION? Besides, the labor laws that existing in Myanmar which include: Employment and Training Act (1950), Employment Restriction Act (1959), Employment Statistics Act, (1948), Factories Act (1951), Labour Orga nization Law (2011), Leave and Holidays Act (1951), Minimum Wages Act, (1949), Oilfields Labour and Welfare Act (1951), Payment of Wages Act (1936), Social Security Act, (1954), Shops and Establishments Act (1951), Workmens Compensation Act (1923) and the new enacted law, Labor Dispute Settlement Law (2012) (QuickMBA, 2010). *****Please do citation and change the sequence for those law to avoid plagiarize.**** The laws above deal with all labor related problems like working hours, holidays, annual and sick leaves, wages and overtime, social welfare and more. Citation? Moreover, minimum wages are provided for workers in certain fields like agriculture and more. Comparing to the United States, this has a more stable legal system because Myanmar is more challenging and risky to be invested in but also provides a higher return than United States due to lesser competitions. Furthermore, Myanmar has seen to be a potential investment place with its improving legal system and few advantages like rich natural resources and young labor forces. Lastly, United States could be a safe place to invest, but if as a profit seeker, Myanmar could be a better choice to invest in. Culture Myanmar is a hundred ethnic groups country; each has their own distinctive cultural traditions. Many of the tribal groups have produced the excellent handicrafts, dancing and musical performances. Myanmar culture which is non-tribals has been significantly influenced by the Buddhism. The unique thing about Myanmar culture is that it is free from racial or sex discrimination from childbirth throughout their lifetime. Everyone is allowed to equal rights, opportunity and treatment whether at work or at court. Regarding the Myanmars history, in traditional Western societies, women played a stronger role than man. From early on they could have own property and were independent in economic activities. Myanmar women enjoy the same status with their male counterparts and do not necessarily have to keep their surnames (JourneyMart.com, 2001). For American, their culture is Western culture, which based on British culture with influences from other parts of Europe, the Native American peoples. American Culture is known around the world are the films, shows, and musical performances. Furthermore, the most popular cities in American culture are New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Florida, and Las Vegas (Frost, 2004) Food in Myanmar Basically, Burmese food is very appetizing such as blend of Chinese and Indian foods. The basic food of Myanmar is mainly rice and curry. Some of the curries are spicy and often served with salad, vegetable soup and fish paste cooked in various ways. Among the favorite food is mohinga (rice noodles with fish gravy) which is eaten at any time of the day. Another popular dish is ohn-no- khaukswe, which is a chicken curry based on coconut milk served with plain boiled rice or eggs noodles. Therefore, desserts that they commonly eaten include sanwin-ma-kin (Myanmar sweet cakes made of semolina, sugar, egg, butter and coconut), Myanmar-style banana cakes, and kyaukchaw such as sea weed jelly (JourneyMart.com, 2001). In Myanmar towns, Chinese restaurant can be easily found there. They serve Cantonese and Hokkienese style Chinese food. Indian food like kebabs and briyani are also popular among the Myanmar. European food is available only at restaurant in the hotels. Chettyar food is also popular among the Myanmar. For Myanmar country, meal usually incorporate soups and curries are often finished off with fresh fruit such as sugarcane juice. Thus, most restaurants will close by 10pm although some tea and coffee shops will still open. Language Burmese or Myanmar is the main language in Myanmar. However, English is widely spoken. The largest of the population are using this language, indeed there are so many ethnic groups in Myanmar, and it is difficult to amazing that the country has a number of other languages and dialects. Each country has its own dialect, the most common dialect in Myanmar are Kachin, Chin, Karen, and Shan dialects. The Karen is renowned for the custom of women wearing heavy brass coils around their necks, starting from the age of five. In fact, such ornamentation reveals them to be Padung, a sub-ethnic group of the Karen (Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, 2008). English also one of the languages that usually used in urban areas. Religion Myanmar is a primarily Buddhist country which the Buddhists stand for 80 percent of the population. Citation? Today, the most common form of Buddhism in Myanmar is Theravada Buddhism. Besides that, excluding Buddhism; there are other religions that have followers in Myanmar such as Christians, Muslims, Hindus and some Animists, but this entire four are minority religions (JourneyMart.com, 2001). Theravada Buddhism is the more traditional of the two major divisions within this religion, such as it believes itself to be closer to the original teachings of the Buddha. According to Woodward Hopfe (2009), for Theravada Buddhism people must achieve enlightenment for themselves without reliance on the gods. Religion plays an important role in a typical Myanmar Buddhists life that his or her routine cannot be separated from Buddhist rituals. There is also a Buddhist lent on Myanmar calendar which lasts for three months in the rainy season, from around July to October, during which fasting i s preserved, marriages and moving home is generally set off. However, in United States, the main religion is Christianity. Naturally, a religion that encompasses so many people contains a great variety of beliefs and practice. Christians share a common belief in the uniqueness of Jesus of Nazareth, that he in some way provided for the redemption of humankind by his death and was himself resurrected from dead (Woodward Hopfe, 2009). In Christianity, Roman Catholic is the largest denomination. When Myanmar compared to the United States, both country had different religion whereas Myanmar is more familiar in Buddhism, but United States their largest religion is Christianity. Conclusion In past decades, Myanmar was known as poorest country in Asia and many investors do not dare to step-in and start their business because they predict their business will not gain any profit, so they instead of choose neighborhood countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and China to expand the business. With the recently released of house arrest Aung San Suu Kyi, the country human right re-born again because Aung San Suu Kyi fight for human rights for the citizen, so this can give more opportunities to all foreign investor to do their business in Myanmar easily. As many investors rather choose neighborhood countries to expand the business, this proves that in Myanmar business environment have very few competitors to compete each others to gain for the purchasing power from the consumer. So, with fewer competitors in market, we can easily dominate the Myanmar market before other foreign investors does. Therefore, Myanmar is an ideal country to expand the business because due to the country rich in natural resources, low costs, and fewer competitors. As the goods produce in Myanmar and export to others country, or even to our home country it will gain profit in the shortest time. By comparing to United States, its require take lots of time to gain profit and cover back all the costs to produce the goods.