Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Sons :: essays `papers

Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Sons Pieter Bruegel , usually known as Pieter Bruegel the Elder to distinguish him from his elder son, was the first in a family of Flemish painters. He spelled his name Brueghel until 1559, and his sons retained the "h" in the spelling of their names. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, generally considered the greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century, is by far the most important member of the family. He was probably born 1529, in Breda in the Duchy of Brabant, now in The Netherlands. He was accepted as a master in the Antwerp painters' guild in 1551, and was apprenticed to Coecke van Aelst, a leading Antwerp artist, sculptor, architect, and designer of tapestry and stained glass. Bruegel traveled to Italy in 1551 or 1552, completing a number of paintings, mostly landscapes, there. Returning home in 1553, he settled in Antwerp. Ten years later, Bruegel moved permanently to Brussels. He married van Aelst's daughter, Mayken, in 1563. His association with the van Aelst family drew Bruegel to the artistic traditions of the Mechelen region in which allegorical and peasant themes run strongly. Dated paintings have survived from each year of the period except for 1558 and 1561. Within this decade falls Bruegel's marriage to Mayken Coecke in the Church of Notre-Dame de la Chapelle in Brussels. His paintings, including his landscapes and scenes of peasant life, stress the absurd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and fine detail. They also expose human weaknesses and follies. He was sometimes called the "peasant Bruegel" from such works as Peasant Wedding Feast (1567). It was in Rome, in 1553, that Bruegel produced his earliest signed and dated painting, Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias. The holy figures in this painting were probably done by Maarten de Vos, a painter from Antwerp then working in Italy. Among his patrons was Cardinal Antione Perrenot de Granvelle. Granville was president of the council of state in the Netherlands, in whose palace in Brussels the sculptor Jacques Jonghelinck had a studio. He and Bruegel had traveled in Italy at the same time, and his brother, a rich Antwerp collector, Niclaes, was Bruegel's greatest patron, having by 1566 acquired sixteen of his paintings. Another patron was Abraham Ortelius, who in a memorable obituary called Bruegel the most perfect artist of the century.

Cyclone Devastates Australia’s Banana Crop Essay

Cyclone Larry destroyed approximately $300 worth bananas crop which is 90% of the production at Queensland. The fall in supply and unchanged demand will result in a shift of the supply curve to the left resulting in an increase of the equilibrium price. The demand will stay the same however there might be a slight fall in the demand at a later stage due to increased prices but in the short run demand remains same. A fall sharp in supply means quantity supplied will be less than the quantity demanded of bananas leading to an increase in price as shown in the graph below. The graph shows the original quantity demanded (D) and supplied (S) with the intersection as the market equilibrium at price P1 and quantity Q1, the inward shift of the supply curve to the left with new quantity supplied after the cyclone with a new intersection point representing increased market equilibrium at price P’ and quantity Q’. 2a. Determinants of price elasticity of bananas The following are some of the factors that affect the elasticity of demand for bananas: Substitutability: Since bananas have a large number of substitutes like other fruits, it is inelastic in demand. Proportion of income: Price elasticity of low priced goods like bananas is low. This means that the demand for bananas grow slowly as income increases as it is very small proportion of the total income earned. Necessity: The greater the good is considered a luxury the more elastic it is. Banana is a necessity and is therefore inelastic in nature. Time: Consumers need time to adjust to changes in price. In the short run there will no change in demand for bananas but in the long run, consumers might reduce their purchases and switch to other substitutes. 2b. Price Elasticity of Demand before and after Cyclone Larry Cyclone Larry will result in a change in price and a change in the quantity demanded. The price elasticity of demand can be calculated as follows: Price elasticity of demand = Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price Change in price and quantity will not change the percentage change in either the price or the quantity. However quantity demanded in units and price demanded in dollars will be changed. This will not change the price elasticity of demand. 2c. Impact on West Australian Producer’s Revenue There will be a shortage in the market for bananas due to the cyclone and so only West Australian production which comprises of 5% of the total production will be available in the market. No import of bananas is allowed due to biosecurity risks. Since bananas are inelastic in nature the change in quantity demanded is less responsive to changes in price. Total revenue (quantity demanded*price) of West Australian producer’s revenue will increase. A good year can reduce farm income as the quantity demanded remains same, supply increases and so the price goes down. 3a. Government Intervention Governments mostly put minimum price floors and restrict imports of agricultural products to support the farmers. Since the elasticity of these products is low, an increase in price raises the total revenue of the farmers. A good bumper year results in an increase in the quantity demanded which leads to a fall in price hence a fall in the revenue earned by farmers. A fall in the production of agricultural products will increase price and therefore the revenue for the West Australian farmers. Farmers in Queensland will their little production at high prices. The government can intervene by either setting price ceiling or floor. Price Ceiling A price ceiling means that the price of bananas cannot exceed the maximum price set by the government. A price ceiling above the equilibrium price will have no effect, since equilibrium can be attained. A price ceiling below the new equilibrium will be effective. But it will not be beneficial for farmers as they will be forced to sell at or below the maximum price ceiling. This will result in excess demand. The graph below shows the effect of establishing a price ceiling below the market price. Price Floor A minimum price floor means that the banana growers cannot sell at a price below the price set by the government. Bananas will be sold at or above the minimum price established. A price floor that is set at or below equilibrium has no effect because equilibrium can be attained. However, if the price floor is set above equilibrium price, it will be effective. This will be beneficial for the growers but not for the consumers. There will be an excess supply. The following graph shows establishment of a price floor above the market price. 3b. Consequences of Price Floor As shown in the graph above a price floor will result in higher prices. This will be profitable for the banana growers but not for the consumers. In this case the quantity supplied will exceed quantity demanded. The excess demand will have to be taken care of. The government will have to step in and buy the excess quantity supplied and either store it in the warehouse which will not be feasible since banana is a perishable good or dispose it off. 3c. Should the Government Intervention be supported? The government can step in and subsidize bananas and help the unemployed workers by finding an alternate job for the seven months till new banana crops grow. A price ceiling above the equilibrium should not be supported as it will create the potential for black market. Banana will be bought at the controlled price and sold at the market price. The government can support a price floor which would result in excess supply which can be bought by the government and sold at a lower price. References Samuelson A. , Nordhaus D. (1989). Economics. McGraw-Hill http://www. smh. com. au/news/national/thousands-of-jobs-gone-with bananas/2006/03/20/1142703270076. html Illustrations www. netmba. com/econ/micro/demand/elasticity/price http://www. smh. com. au/news/national/thousands-of-jobs-gone-with bananas/2006/03/20/1142703270076. html

The Great Pyramid Of Giza - 1138 Words

Introduction- Hook the reader. One of the seven wonders of the world. For almost four millennias they were the tallest structures of the entire world. And yet we are still baffled as to how they were built. The Pyramids! We find these mysterious, immense, and fascinating structures throughout the world. We gaze at them in wonder and ask ourselves: who built them? How were they built? what were they used for? and, when were they built? The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. The pyramids purpose has always been a question of excitement ever since we discovered them, they’re a byproduct of conspiracy theorists dreams. They were initially thought to be a burial ground, yet we have no corpses... Other theorists believe in the idea of constellation copies. Both The Pyramids of Giza and The Three Great Pyramids Of Teotihuacan reflect and exactly point to the constellation of Orion s belt, the very same constellation we see in the nights gaze here in Auckland. Now there are pyramids all over the globe, as if someone or something had taken a stamp, and stamped the earth many times over. There s far more pyramids in Sudan than egypt, and there s more in South America than the rest of the world combined. So how did so many cultures devise the same blueprint? Historically theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Pyramid Of Giza930 Words   |  4 PagesGiza, an area located southwest of what is now known as Cairo, is home to one of the most astonishing and mysterious feats of architecture ever assembled, The Great Pyramid. Located approximately 5 miles west of the Nile River near the city of Cairo, Egypt, The Great Pyramid is part of a larger complex called the Giza Necropolis, which also houses the Great Sphinx, and two smaller pyramids. It is said to have been built by the enslaved citizens of Khufu, secon d ruler of the 4th dynasty, and son ofRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1382 Words   |  6 Pagespaper will examine the Great Pyramid of Giza during the Fourth Dynasty, the period in which it was built. My purpose for this topic is to not only educate myself further in the humanities of Ancient Egypt but to also get a better understanding of how the art relates to the people and their lives, I will do so by examining how and when The Great Pyramid of Giza and the surrounding pyramids were built, then how the culture of the people at the time influenced the making of the pyramid, and finally I willRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Great Pyramid of Giza† is situated in the Giza Necropolis which borders the largest city in Egypt – Giza. It is also identified by two other names; the Pyramid of â€Å"Cheops† or â€Å"Khufu†. The Great Pyramid stands as the largest and oldest among the Giza Necropolis pyramids. Furth ermore, it is listed among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, holding the record of being the oldest in that list. The magnificence of the pyramid’s structure is an attraction that has grabbed the attention of severalRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza859 Words   |  4 Pages The Great Pyramid of Giza, is one of the oldest and sole surviving wonders of the Ancient World, has attracted the interest of many people such as tourists, philosophers, and travelers for hundreds of years. The pyramids interest has centered on the question of whether the ancient Egyptian people created and or possessed certain mathematical concepts and rules in the pyramids for the proportions and measurements. The Great Pyramid’s elevation encodes three of the most important constants in createdRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest of the pyramids, was built in 2589 BC for King Khufu, it took 23 years to complete and remains standing today over 2,000 years later. The Great Pyramid of Giza provides a comprehensive understanding, as archaeological evidence, of the old kingdom and the political role of the Pharaoh and religion revealing insight to the mathematical intelligence of the ancient Egyptians. Through the intellect, religion and politics embedded within the structure, much informationRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is located at El Giza, Egypt. This pyramid was built for the pharaoh Khufu in around 2560 B.C. and was intended to last an eternity. Also, this pyramid was the tallest structure in the world for nearly 3800 years with a height of more than 481 feet. This pyramid is a great tribute to engineering and decades-long labor by tens of thousands of workers. It was estimated that the pyramids were built by 100,000 workersRead MoreThe Great Pyramids Of Giza1026 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Pyramids of Giza By: Brittany Wright ART 101 December 3, 2015 Egypt: This research is on the Ancient Egyptian Culture. Ancient Egypt was located in Northeastern Africa along the Nile River. Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt from 5000 to 2950 BC; the unification of Egypt was around 3000 BC. Ancient Egypt was around until about 50 BC. The Egyptians are known for many accomplishments; they include: their complex irrigation system, hieroglyphics, and the practiceRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1869 Words   |  8 PagesKrystek (2010), the Great Pyramid of Giza is â€Å"the only one of the famous Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that still stands.† The Great Pyramid of Giza, which was built around 2550BC for the pharaoh Khufu, is archaeological evidence of the political, economic and religious power of the pharaoh and the importance of religion in the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The ability of the pharaoh Khufu to organise and control the large workforce necessary to build the Great Pyramid is an indication ofRead MoreThe Great Pyr amids Of Giza1274 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Great Pyramids of Giza from twenty five seventy five to twenty four fifty BCE. These pyramids were crafted to represent the rulers Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. They were originally covered in limestone and topped with gold to reflect the sun’s rays, creating a majestic sight in the name of the pharaohs. Outside of Khafre’s mortuary temple lies the Great Sphinx of Giza. At sixty five feet in height, it is still one of the largest single stone sculptures in the world. While the Great SphinxRead MoreThe Great Pyramid of Giza Essay679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Pyramid of Giza Who built the Great Pyramid? The Great Pyramid was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. Khufuwas born in 2589 BC - 2566 BC. His real name was Khnum-khuf meaning the god Khnum is his protection. Khufuwas the son of another great pyramid builder, King Sneferu. Khufus mothers name was Hetepheres. Khufuwas the second king in the 4th dynasty. The Greeks referred Khufu as Cheops When and Where was the Great Pyramid built? The Great